Biomass is recognized as an ideal carbon neutral, abundant, and renewable resource substitute for fossil fuels. The rich proton content in most biomass-derived materials, such as ethanol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and glycerol endows it to be an effective hydrogen carrier. The derivatives, such as 2,5-difurandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) from HMF, lactic acid from glycerol, hydrofuroins from furfural are valuable products to be used in biodegradable polymers and synthetic jet fuels. Therefore, combining biomass valorisation with Power-to-X (X = fuel, chemicals) processes would present a promising strategy for decarbonising the global energy and chemical sectors.
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