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• Journal article
  Worm D, Grabe G, Vieira de Castro G, Rabinovich S, Warm I, Isherwood K, Helaine S, Barnard Aet al., 2023,

  Stapled Phd peptides inhibit Doc toxin induced growth arrest in Salmonella

  , ACS Chemical Biology, Vol: 18, Pages: 2485-2494, ISSN: 1554-8929

  Bacterial toxin inhibition is a promising approach for overcoming antibiotic failure. In Salmonella, knock-out of the toxin Doc has been shown to significantly reduce the formation of antibiotic-tolerant persisters. Doc is a kinase that is inhibited in non-tolerant cells by its cognate antitoxin, Phd. In this work, we have developed first-in-class stapled peptide antitoxin mimetics based on the Doc inhibitory sequence of Phd. After making a series of substitutionsto improve bacterial uptake, we have identified a lead stapled Phd peptide able to counteract Doc toxicity in Salmonella. This provides an exciting starting point for the further development of therapeutic peptides capable of reducing antibiotic persistence in pathogenic bacteria.

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• Conference paper
  Sherin PS, Malde R, Mills T, Seltzer P, Barnard A, Kuimova MKet al., 2023,

  Molecular rotors as tools to study downstream processes in mitochondria upon inhibition of protein-protein interactions

  , 14th EBSA congress, Publisher: Springer, Pages: S157-S157, ISSN: 0175-7571
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• Journal article
  Haque M, Flack T, Singh R, Wall A, Vieira de Castro G, Jiang L, White A, Barnard Aet al., 2023,

  Aromatic oligoesters as novel helix mimetic scaffolds

  , Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, Vol: 87, ISSN: 0968-0896

  The design, synthesis, and conformational analysis of a novel aromatic oligoester helix mimetic scaffold is reported. A range of amino acid-type side-chain functionality can be readily incorporated into monomer building blocks over three facile synthetic steps. Analysis of representative dimers revealed a stable conformer capable of effective mimicry of a canonical α-helix and the scaffold was found to be surprisingly stable to degradation in aqueous solutions at acidic and neutral pH.

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• Journal article
  Yahiya S, Saunders CN, Hassan S, Straschil U, Fischer OJ, Rueda-Zubiaurre A, Haase S, Vizcay-Barrena G, Famodimu MT, Jordan S, Delves MJ, Tate EW, Barnard A, Fuchter MJ, Baum Jet al., 2023,

  A novel class of sulphonamides potently block malaria transmission by targeting a Plasmodium vacuole membrane protein

  , Disease Models & Mechanisms, Vol: 16, Pages: 1-20, ISSN: 1754-8403

  Phenotypic cell-based screens are critical tools for discovering candidate drugs for development, yet identification of the cellular target and mode of action of a candidate drug is often lacking. Using an imaging-based screen, we recently discovered an N-[(4-hydroxychroman-4-yl)methyl]-sulphonamide (N-4HCS) compound, DDD01035881, that blocks male gamete formation in the malaria parasite life cycle and subsequent transmission of the parasite to the mosquito with nanomolar activity. To identify the target(s) of DDD01035881, and of the N-4HCS class of compounds more broadly, we synthesised a photoactivatable derivative, probe 2. Photoaffinity labelling of probe 2 coupled with mass spectrometry identified the 16 kDa Plasmodium falciparum parasitophorous vacuole membrane protein Pfs16 as a potential parasite target. Complementary methods including cellular thermal shift assays confirmed that the parent molecule DDD01035881 stabilised Pfs16 in lysates from activated mature gametocytes. Combined with high-resolution, fluorescence and electron microscopy data, which demonstrated that parasites inhibited with N-4HCS compounds phenocopy the targeted deletion of Pfs16 in gametocytes, these data implicate Pfs16 as a likely target of DDD01035881. This finding establishes N-4HCS compounds as being flexible and effective starting candidates from which transmission-blocking antimalarials can be developed in the future.

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• Journal article
  Vieira de Castro G, Worm D, Grabe G, Rowan F, Haggerty L, Losada De La Lastra A, Popescu O, Helaine S, Barnard Aet al., 2022,

  Characterisation of the key determinants of Phd antitoxin mediated Doc toxin inactivation in Salmonella

  , ACS Chemical Biology, Vol: 17, Pages: 1598-1606, ISSN: 1554-8929

  In the search for novel antimicrobial therapeutics, toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are promising yet underexplored targets for overcoming antibiotic failure. The bacterial toxin Doc has been associated with the persistence of Salmonella in macrophages, enabling its survival upon antibiotic exposure. After developing a novel method to produce the recombinant toxin, we have used antitoxin-mimicking peptides to thoroughly investigate the mechanism by which its cognate antitoxin Phd neutralizes the activity of Doc. We reveal insights into the molecular detail of the Phd–Doc relationship and discriminate antitoxin residues that stabilize the TA complex from those essential for inhibiting the activity of the toxin. Coexpression of Doc and antitoxin peptides in Salmonella was able to counteract the activity of the toxin, confirming our in vitro results with equivalent sequences. Our findings provide key principles for the development of chemical tools to study and therapeutically interrogate this important class of protein–protein interactions.

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• Journal article
  Kahan R, Worm D, Vieira de Castro G, Ng C, Barnard Aet al., 2021,

  Modulators of protein–protein interactions as antimicrobial agents

  , RSC Chemical Biology, Vol: 2, Pages: 387-409, ISSN: 2633-0679

  Protein–Protein interactions (PPIs) are involved in a myriad of cellular processes in all living organisms and the modulation of PPIs is already under investigation for the development of new drugs targeting cancers, autoimmune diseases and viruses. PPIs are also involved in the regulation of vital functions in bacteria and, therefore, targeting bacterial PPIs offers an attractive strategy for the development of antibiotics with novel modes of action. The latter are urgently needed to tackle multidrug-resistant and multidrug-tolerant bacteria. In this review, we describe recent developments in the modulation of PPIs in pathogenic bacteria for antibiotic development, including advanced small molecule and peptide inhibitors acting on bacterial PPIs involved in division, replication and transcription, outer membrane protein biogenesis, with an additional focus on toxin–antitoxin systems as upcoming drug targets.

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• Journal article
  Rueda-Zubiaurre A, Yahiya S, Fischer O, Hu X, Saunders C, Sharma S, Straschil U, Shen J, Tate EW, Delves M, Baum J, Barnard A, Fuchter MJet al., 2020,

  Structure-activity relationship studies of a novel class of transmission blocking antimalarials targeting male gametes.

  , Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol: 63, Pages: 2240-2262, ISSN: 0022-2623

  Malaria is still a leading cause of mortality among children in the developing world, and despite the immense progress made in reducing the global burden, further efforts are needed if eradication is to be achieved. In this context, targeting transmission is widely recognized as a necessary intervention towards that goal. After carrying out a screen to discover new transmission-blocking agents, herein we report our medicinal chemistry efforts to study the potential of the most robust hit, DDD01035881, as a male-gamete targeted compound. We reveal key structural features for the activity of this series and identify analogues with greater potency and improved metabolic stability. We believe this study lays the groundwork for further development of this series as a transmission blocking agent.

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• Journal article
  Flack T, Romain C, White A, Haycock P, Barnard Aet al., 2019,

  Design, synthesis and conformational analysis of oligobenzanilides as multi-facial alpha-helix mimetics

  , Organic Letters, Vol: 21, Pages: 4433-4438, ISSN: 1523-7052

  The design, synthesis, and conformationalanalysis of an oligobenzanilide helix mimetic scaffold capableof simultaneous mimicry of two faces of an α-helix is reported.The synthetic methodology provides access to diversemonomer building blocks amenable to solid-phase assemblyin just four synthetic steps. The conformational flexibility ofmodel dimers was investigated using a combination of solidand solution state methodologies supplemented with DFTcalculations. The lack of noncovalent constraints allows forsignificant conformational plasticity in the scaffold, thuspermitting it to successfully mimic residues i, i+2, i+4, i+6, i+7, and i+9 of a canonical α-helix.

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• Journal article
  Delves M, Miguel-Blanco C, Matthews H, Molina I, Ruecker A, Yahiya S, Straschil U, Abraham M, Leon-Diaz ML, Fischer O, Zubiaurre A, Brandt J, Cortes A, Barnard A, Fuchter M, Calderon F, Winzeler E, Sinden R, Herreros E, Gamo FJ, Baum Jet al., 2018,

  A high throughput screen for next-generation leads targeting malaria parasite transmission

  , Nature Communications, Vol: 9, ISSN: 2041-1723

  Spread of parasite resistance to artemisinin threatens current frontline antimalarial therapies, highlighting the need for new drugs with alternative modes of action. Since only 0.2–1% of asexual parasites differentiate into sexual, transmission-competent forms, targeting this natural bottleneck provides a tangible route to interrupt disease transmission and mitigate resistance selection. Here we present a high-throughput screen of gametogenesis against a ~70,000 compound diversity library, identifying seventeen drug-like molecules that target transmission. Hit molecules possess varied activity profiles including male-specific, dual acting male–female and dual-asexual-sexual, with one promising N-((4-hydroxychroman-4-yl)methyl)-sulphonamide scaffold found to have sub-micromolar activity in vitro and in vivo efficacy. Development of leads with modes of action focussed on the sexual stages of malaria parasite development provide a previously unexplored base from which future therapeutics can be developed, capable of preventing parasite transmission through the population.

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• Journal article
  Arrata I, Barnard A, Tomlinson DC, Wilson AJet al., 2017,

  Interfacing native and non-native peptides: using Affimers to recognise α-helix mimicking foldamers

  , Chemical Communications, Vol: 53, Pages: 2834-2837, ISSN: 1359-7345

  Selection methods are used to identify Affimers that recognise α-helix mimicking N-alkylated aromatic oligoamides thus demonstrating foldamer and natural α-amino acid codes are compatible.

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