Digital Diagnostics for Africa

The Need

At least 50% of people in sub-Saharan Africa do not have access to essential health services, including easy access to accurate diagnostics.1

Children in sub-Saharan Africa are 14 times more likely to die before the age of 5 than those in developed regions, often from treatable infectious diseases.2

Affordable and accurate digital diagnostics offer immediate results at point-of-care and provide real-time disease health surveillance, even for remote, rural areas.

The Context

Each year, about 10 million people die from infectious diseases.³ The majority of them are in Africa, and most of them are children under the age of 5. Respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, diarrhoea, malaria and tuberculosis are the main culprits. Many of these deaths could be prevented with early, appropriate treatment, but first healthcare providers need to accurately diagnose a patient’s illness. 

In February 2023, the World Health Assembly urged countries to establish national diagnostics strategies and routine data collection systems to rapidly identify disease outbreaks^.4 Most African countries lack the resources and infrastructure to diagnose and track diseases and outbreaks. While some populations can access state-of-the-art diagnostic facilities, the majority of people do not receive timely and accurate diagnoses.

Digital diagnostics offer an opportunity to leap-frog traditional, expensive technologies and offer portable, accurate diagnostics at point-of-care.

In 2020, a multidisciplinary team, led by Imperial College London and the University of Ghana, established the Digital Diagnostics for Africa Network. The network brings together 80 researchers, commercial partners, and not-for-profit organisations to tackle infectious diseases that primarily affect people in Africa.

Science and Tech potential

Having different countries with different social contexts will help us really to provide a result that can be translated into policy everywhere in Africa.

Halidou Tinto, Regional Director of the Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, BurkinaFaso

• Researchers at Imperial College London developed the novel Lacewing technology, and the institution has partnered with researchers from low- and middle-income African countries, among others, to determine how digital diagnostics can best be applied to their contexts. Partner countries include The Gambia, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Zambia, Sudan, and Kenya.
• The network funds 10 PhD candidates from different African countries, who are investigating the use cases of the technology in different contexts. Some are assessing the performance of the device, alongside its acceptability and usability, in different settings, such as hospitals or rural clinics. Others are looking at the best points to deploy them in the patient’s journey and their use in healthcare systems as a whole.
• The test can be modified to detect different pathogens or parasites. It can detect malaria, but can also identify the different causes of fever in children – a common and often fatal problem in areas with a high number of disease-causing agents. Another version of the test can detect environmental pathogens in contaminated food or water sources.

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Benefits

You can use digital diagnostics to reach under-served, remote communities, and bring them high-quality diagnostics. They’re not limited by the bricks-and-mortar laboratory facilities that are quite scarce in Africa and to which only a small proportion of the population really have access.

Aubrey Cunnington, professor of paediatric infectious disease at Imperial College London, UK

Route to Impact

The future is in digital diagnostics. Diagnosis is the most important thing for combating disease. If you cannot accurately diagnose disease, then you cannot accurately treat, which means that you cannot control the disease.

Gordon Awandare, Director of West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Ghana

• For patients: The technology offers immediate diagnosis, which can reduce waiting times and speed up interventions. Swift responses to illness can save lives, particularly for children under 5, and reduce Africa’s infectious disease burden. The portability of the device can give under-served communities high-quality diagnostics.
• For healthcare practitioners: Lacewing can speed up decision-making and help healthcare practitioners tackle patient backlogs. The technology can also be tailored to different levels of skill. It can offer a community health worker immediate decision-making support, while an experienced physician can investigate the specific pathogen mutation causing an illness.
• For healthcare systems: Governments can implement large-scale, high-quality diagnostic testing for a fraction of the cost of brick-and-mortar testing facilities. Immediate diagnosis can ensure that healthcare systems do not waste scarce resources and medicines by providing the incorrect treatment. Real-time data collection allows national and regional healthcare systems to track disease outbreaks, and identify and thus avoid future pandemics.

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Funders 

The Digital Diagnostics for Africa Network was initially funded by the UKRI Global Challenge Research Challenge Fund. This provided a platform for the group to be awarded status as an NIHR Global Health Research Group to fund PhD students and research development.

Notes

1. The Digital Diagnostics for Africa Network, ‘The potential of digital molecular diagnostics for infectious diseases in sub-Saharan Africa’, PLOS Digital Health, June 2022. https://journals.plos.org/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000064 
2. World Health Organisation: Africa Region, ‘Child health’, WHO. www.afro.who.int/health-topics/child-health 
3. Nkengasong, J.N. & Tessema, S.K. ‘Africa Needs a New Public Health Order to Tackle Infectious Disease Threats’, Cell, Vol. 183., Issue 2., October 2020. 
4. World Health Organisation, ‘Strengthening diagnostics capacity’, Seventy-sixth World Health Assembly, February 2023. https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_ files/EB152/B152(6)-en.pdf 
5. IndustryARC, ‘Digital Diagnostics Market – Forecast (2023 – 2028)’, 2022. www.industryarc.com/Report/17387/digital-diagnostics-market.html 

STEM Development Impact Memos offer policymakers and stakeholders insight into projects in Imperial College London’s Global Development Hub and their real-world impact. 
The Global Development Hub brings together Imperial’s community of global partners to develop, amplify and support research and education impact in Lower Middle Income Countries (LMICs) and Least Developed Countries (LDCs).

For more information: 
Digital Diagnostics for Africa Network: www.digitaldiagnostics4africa.org Global Development Hub: www.imperial.ac.uk/global-development-hub