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  • Journal article
    Maitland K, 2014,

    New diagnostics for common childhood infections

    , New England Journal of Medicine, Vol: 370, Pages: 875-877, ISSN: 1533-4406
  • Journal article
    Kiguli S, Akech SO, Mtove G, Opoka RO, Engoru C, Olupot-Olupot P, Nyeko R, Evans J, Crawley J, Prevatt N, Reyburn H, Levin M, George EC, South A, Babiker AG, Gibb DM, Maitland Ket al., 2014,

    WHO GUIDELINES ON FLUID RESUSCITATION IN CHILDREN Concerns about intravenous fluids given to critically ill children Reply

    , BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 348, ISSN: 1756-1833
  • Journal article
    Piel FB, Tatem AJ, Huang Z, Gupta S, Williams TN, Weatherall DJet al., 2014,

    Global migration and the changing distribution of sickle haemoglobin: A quantitative study of temporal trends between 1960 and 2000

    , The Lancet Global Health, Vol: 2, Pages: e80-e89, ISSN: 2214-109X

    BackgroundChanges in the geographical distribution of genetic disorders are often thought to happen slowly, especially when compared with infectious diseases. Whereas mutations, genetic drift, and natural selection take place over many generations, epidemics can spread through large populations within a few days or weeks. Nevertheless, population movements can interfere with these processes, and few studies have been done of their effect on genetic disorders. We aimed to investigate the effect of global migration on the distribution of the sickle-cell gene—the most common and clinically significant haemoglobin structural variant.MethodsFor each country, we extracted data from the World Bank's Global Bilateral Migration Database about international human migrations between 1960 and 2000. We combined this information with evidence-based estimates of national HbS allele frequencies, generated within a Bayesian geostatistical framework, to analyse temporal changes in the net numbers of migrants, and classified countries with an index summarising these temporal trends.FindingsThe number of international migrants increased from 92·6 million in 1960, to 165·2 million in 2000. The estimated global number of migrants with HbS increased from about 1·6 million in 1960, to 3·6 million in 2000. This increase was largely due to an increase in the number of migrants from countries with HbS allele frequencies higher than 10%, from 3·1 million in 1960, to 14·2 million in 2000. Additionally, the mean number of countries of origin for each destination country increased from 70 (SE 46) in 1960, to 98 (48) in 2000, showing an increasing diversity in the network of international migrations between countries. Our index of change map shows a patchy distribution of the magnitude of temporal changes, with the highest positive and negative values scattered across all continents.InterpretationGlobal human population movements have had a substanti
  • Journal article
    Madan NJ, Ades AE, Price M, Maitland K, Jemutai J, Revill P, Welton NJet al., 2014,

    Strategies for efficient computation of the expected value of partial perfect information

    , Medical Decision Making, Vol: 34, Pages: 327-342, ISSN: 0272-989X

    Expected value of information methods evaluate the potential health benefits that can be obtained from conducting new research to reduce uncertainty in the parameters of a cost-effectiveness analysis model, hence reducing decision uncertainty. Expected value of partial perfect information (EVPPI) provides an upper limit to the health gains that can be obtained from conducting a new study on a subset of parameters in the cost-effectiveness analysis and can therefore be used as a sensitivity analysis to identify parameters that most contribute to decision uncertainty and to help guide decisions around which types of study are of most value to prioritize for funding. A common general approach is to use nested Monte Carlo simulation to obtain an estimate of EVPPI. This approach is computationally intensive, can lead to significant sampling bias if an inadequate number of inner samples are obtained, and incorrect results can be obtained if correlations between parameters are not dealt with appropriately. In this article, we set out a range of methods for estimating EVPPI that avoid the need for nested simulation: reparameterization of the net benefit function, Taylor series approximations, and restricted cubic spline estimation of conditional expectations. For each method, we set out the generalized functional form that net benefit must take for the method to be valid. By specifying this functional form, our methods are able to focus on components of the model in which approximation is required, avoiding the complexities involved in developing statistical approximations for the model as a whole. Our methods also allow for any correlations that might exist between model parameters. We illustrate the methods using an example of fluid resuscitation in African children with severe malaria.
  • Journal article
    Kiguli S, Akech SO, Mtove G, Opoka RO, Engoru C, Olupot-Olupot P, Nyeko R, Evans J, Crawley J, Prevatt N, Reyburn H, Levin M, George EC, South A, Babiker AG, Gibb DM, Maitland Ket al., 2014,

    WHO guidelines on fluid resuscitation in children: missing the FEAST data

    , BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 348, ISSN: 0959-535X
  • Journal article
    Grimes JET, Croll D, Harrison WE, Utzinger J, Freeman MC, Templeton MRet al., 2014,

    The relationship between water, sanitation and schistosomiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

    , PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol: 8, Pages: e3296-e3296, ISSN: 1935-2735
  • Journal article
    Furlong C, Templeton MR, Gibson WT, 2014,

    Processing of human faeces by wet vermifiltration for improved on-site sanitation

    , Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, Vol: 4, Pages: 231-239
  • Journal article
    Opi DH, Ochola LB, Tendwa M, Siddondo BR, Ocholla H, Fanjo H, Ghumra A, Ferguson DJP, Rowe JA, Williams TNet al., 2014,

    Mechanistic studies of the negative epistatic malaria-protective interaction between sickle cell trait and α+thalassemia

    , EBioMedicine, Vol: 1, Pages: 29-36
  • Journal article
    Streatfield PK, Khan WA, Bhuiya A, Hanifi SMA, Alam N, Diboulo E, Niamba L, Sie A, Lankoande B, Millogo R, Soura AB, Bonfoh B, Kone S, Ngoran EK, Utzinger J, Ashebir Y, Melaku YA, Weldearegawi B, Gomez P, Jasseh M, Azongo D, Oduro A, Wak G, Wontuo P, Attaa-Pomaa M, Gyapong M, Manyeh AK, Kant S, Misra P, Rai SK, Juvekar S, Patil R, Wahab A, Wilopo S, Bauni E, Mochamah G, Ndila C, Williams TN, Khaggayi C, Nyaguara A, Obor D, Odhiambo FO, Ezeh A, Oti S, Wamukoya M, Chihana M, Crampin A, Collinson MA, Kabudula CW, Wagner R, Herbst K, Mossong JL, Emina JBO, Sankoh OA, Byass Pet al., 2014,

    Mortality from external causes in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance System Sites

    , GLOBAL HEALTH ACTION, Vol: 7
  • Journal article
    Streatfield PK, Khan WA, Bhuiya A, Hanifi SMA, Alam N, Diboulo E, Sie A, Ye M, Compaore Y, Soura AB, Bonfoh B, Jaeger F, Ngoran EK, Utzinger J, Melaku YA, Mulugeta A, Weldearegawi B, Gomez P, Jasseh M, Hodgson A, Oduro A, Welaga P, Williams J, Awini E, Binka FN, Gyapong M, Kant S, Misra P, Srivastava R, Chaudhary B, Juvekar S, Wahab A, Wilopo S, Bauni E, Mochamah G, Ndila C, Williams TN, Hamel MJ, Lindblade KA, Odhiambo FO, Slutsker L, Ezeh A, Kyobutungi C, Wamukoya M, Delaunay V, Diallo A, Douillot L, Sokhna C, Gomez-Olive FX, Kabudula CW, Mee P, Herbst K, Mossong J, Chuc NTK, Arthur SS, Sankoh OA, Tanner M, Byass Pet al., 2014,

    Malaria mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH health and demographic surveillance system sites

    , GLOBAL HEALTH ACTION, Vol: 7

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