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  • Journal article
    Qian Q, Wang Y, Boyle D, 2024,

    On solving close enough orienteering problems with overlapped neighborhoods

    , European Journal of Operational Research, Vol: 318, Pages: 369-387, ISSN: 0377-2217

    The Close Enough Traveling Salesman Problem (CETSP) is a well-known variant of the classic TravelingSalesman Problem whereby the agent may complete its mission at any point within a target neighborhood.Heuristics based on overlapped neighborhoods, known as Steiner Zones (SZ), have gained attention inaddressing CETSPs. While SZs offer effective approximations to the original graph, their inherent overlapimposes constraints on the search space, potentially conflicting with global optimization objectives. Here weshow how such limitations can be converted into advantages in the Close Enough Orienteering Problem (CEOP)by aggregating prizes across overlapped neighborhoods. We further extend the classic CEOP with Non-uniformNeighborhoods (CEOP-) by introducing non-uniform cost considerations for prize collection. To tackle CEOP(and CEOP-), we develop a new approach featuring a Randomized Steiner Zone Discretization (RSZD)scheme coupled with a hybrid algorithm based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Ant Colony System(ACS) — CRaSZe-AntS. The RSZD scheme identifies sub-regions for PSO exploration, and ACS determinesthe discrete visiting sequence. We evaluate the RSZD’s discretization performance on CEOP instances derivedfrom established CETSP instances and compare CRaSZe-AntS against the most relevant state-of-the-art heuristicfocused on single-neighborhood optimization for CEOP instances. We also compare the performance of theinterior search within SZs and the boundary search on individual neighborhoods in the context of CEOP-. Ourexperimental results show that CRaSZe-AntS can yield comparable solution quality with significantly reducedcomputation time compared to the single neighborhood strategy, where we observe an averaged 140.44%increase in prize collection and 55.18% reduction of algorithm execution time. CRaSZe-AntS is thus highlyeffective in solving emerging CEOP-, examples of which include truck-and-drone delivery scenarios.
  • Journal article
    Chen L, Cai Z, Jiang Z, Luo J, Sun L, Childs P, Zuo Het al., 2024,

    AskNatureNet: a divergent thinking tool based on bio-inspired design knowledge

    , Advanced Engineering Informatics: the science of supporting knowledge-intensive activities, Vol: 62, ISSN: 0954-1810

    Divergent thinking is a process in design by exploring multiple possible solutions, is crucial in the early stages of design to break fixation and expand the design ideation. Design-by-Analogy promotes divergent thinking, by studying solutions have solved similar problems and using this knowledge to make inferences and solve problems in new and unfamiliar situations. Bio-inspired design (BID) is a form of design by analogy and its knowledge provides diverse sources for analogy, making BID knowledge as a potential source for divergent thinking. Existing BID database has focused on collecting BID cases and facilitating the retrieval of biological knowledge. Despite its success, applying BID knowledge into divergent thinking still encounters challenge, as the association between source domain and target domain are always limited within a single case. In this work, a novel approach is proposed to support divergent thinking from three subsequent phases: encoding, retrieval and mapping. Specifically, biological knowledge is encoded in a triple form by employing a large language model (LLM) to extract key information from a well-known BID knowledge base. The created triples are implemented in a semantic network to facilitate bidirectional retrieval modes: problem-driven and solution-driven, as well as mapping for divergent thinking. The mapping algorithm calculates the semantic similarity between nodes in the semantic network based on their attributes in three progressive steps by following the paradigm of divergent thinking. The proposed approach is implemented as tool called AskNatureNet,1 which supports divergent thinking by retrieving and mapping knowledge in a visualized interactive semantic network. An ideation case study on evaluating the effectiveness of AskNatureNet shows that our tool is capable of supporting divergent thinking efficiently.
  • Journal article
    Pan Y, Ruan H, Wu B, Regmi YN, Wang H, Brandon NPet al., 2024,

    A machine learning driven 3D+1D model for efficient characterization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

    , Energy and AI, Vol: 17, ISSN: 2666-5468

    The computational demands of 3D continuum models for proton exchange membrane fuel cells remain substantial. One prevalent approach is the hierarchical model combining a 2D/3D flow field with a 1D sub-model for the catalyst layers and membrane. However, existing studies often simplify the 1D domain to a linearized 0D lumped model, potentially resulting in significant errors at high loads. In this study, we present a computationally efficient neural network driven 3D+1D model for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The 3D sub-model captures transport in the gas channels and gas diffusion layers and is coupled with a 1D electrochemical sub-model for microporous layers, membrane, and catalyst layers. To reduce computational intensity of the full 1D description, a neural network surrogates the 1D electrochemical sub-model for coupling with the 3D domain. Trained by model-generated large synthetic datasets, the neural network achieves root mean square errors of less than 0.2%. The model is validated against experimental results under various relative humidities. It is then employed to investigate the nonlinear distribution of internal states under different operating conditions. With the neural network operating at 0.5% of the computing cost of the 1D sub-model, the hybrid model preserves a detailed and nonlinear representation of the internal fuel cell states while maintaining computational costs comparable to conventional 3D+0D models. The presented hybrid data-driven and physical modeling framework offers high accuracy and computing speed across a broad spectrum of operating conditions, potentially aiding the rapid optimization of both the membrane electrode assembly and the gas channel geometry.
  • Journal article
    Almukhtar A, Batcup C, Bowman M, Winter Beatty J, Leff D, Demirel P, Judah G, Porat Tet al., 2024,

    Interventions to achieve environmentally sustainable operating theatres: an umbrella systematic review using the behaviour change wheel

    , International Journal of Surgery, ISSN: 1743-9159
  • Journal article
    Ferraro P, Penzkofer A, King C, Shorten Ret al., 2024,

    Feedback control for distributed ledgers: an attack mitigation policy for DAG-based DLTs

    , IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol: 69, Pages: 5492-5499, ISSN: 0018-9286

    In this paper we present a feedback approach to the design of an attack mitigation policy for DAG-based Distributed Ledgers. We develop a model to analyse the behaviour of the ledger under the so called Tips Inflation Attack , which endangers the liveness of transactions, and we design a control strategy to counteract this attack strategy. The efficacy of this approach is showcased through a theoretical analysis, in the form of two theorems about the stability properties of the ledger with and without the controller, and extensive Monte Carlo simulations of an agent-based model of the distributed ledger.
  • Journal article
    Ballou N, Denisova A, Ryan R, Rigby CS, Deterding Set al., 2024,

    The Basic Needs in Games Scale (BANGS): A new tool for investigating positive and negative video game experiences

    , INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER STUDIES, Vol: 188, ISSN: 1071-5819
  • Journal article
    Hodent C, Blumberg F, Deterding S, 2024,

    Ethical Games: Toward Evidence-Based Guidance for Safeguarding Players and Developers

    , Games: Research and Practice

    <jats:p>As video games have moved to the mainstream of entertainment and popular culture, they also have given rise to new media fears. These span concerns for player welfare such as gaming addiction, negative effects of ‘screen time,’ gambling-like mechanics, dark patterns and questionable business practices, online toxicity, and extremism. Questions of game worker welfare are similarly making headlines, such as harassment, discrimination, or precarious and unhealthy working conditions. To sort warranted concerns from unwarranted moral panics, the first Ethical Games Conference, held in 2024, gathered the state of the art of research on ethical issues in games to inform evidence-based guidelines for industry and regulators. The selected full papers and opinion pieces of the conference, collected in this special issue, showcase a wide range of issues and barriers, and aspirations to move from avoiding harm to using games for positive social impact.</jats:p>
  • Journal article
    Smith F, Sadek M, Wan E, Ito A, Mougenot Cet al., 2024,

    Codesigning AI with end-users: an AI literacy toolkit for nontechnical audiences

    , Interacting with Computers, ISSN: 0953-5438

    This study addresses the challenge of limited AI literacy among the general public hindering effective participation in AI codesign. We present a card-based AI literacy toolkit designed to inform nontechnical audiences about AI and stimulate idea generation. The toolkit incorporates 16 competencies from the AI Literacy conceptual framework and employs ‘What if?’ prompts to encourage questioning, mirroring designers’ approaches. Using a mixed methods approach, we assessed the impact of the toolkit. In a design task with nontechnical participants (N = 50), we observed a statistically significant improvement in critical feedback and breadth of AI-related questions after toolkit use. Further, a codesign workshop involving six participants, half without an AI background, revealed positive effects on collaboration between practitioners and end-users, fostering a shared vision and common ground. This research emphasizes the potential of AI literacy tools to enhance the involvement of nontechnical audiences in codesigning AI systems, contributing to more inclusive and informed participatory processes.
  • Journal article
    Wu B, 2024,

    Addressing the battery talent shortage with interdisciplinarity

    , Nature Energy, ISSN: 2058-7546
  • Conference paper
    Wang M, Zhou Y, Stewart R, 2024,

    Soft Wearable Robotics: Innovative Knitting-Integrated Approaches for Pneumatic Actuators Design

    , Pages: 234-238

    Soft wearable robotics presents an opportunity to bridge robotics and textiles, offering lightweight, flexible, and ergonomic solutions for human-robot interaction, but previous studies on wearable soft robotics primarily focus on actuator performance without also considering wearability and interactivity. A rudimentary attachment method is usually adopted using external fixation devices such as straps to attach actuators to the user's body, resulting in a poor wearing experience. This study focus on compatible and compact textile architectures to support actuators to be seamlessly integrated into daily wearing. It presents a research-through-design method to propose innovative knitting-integrated approaches for pneumatic actuator design to provide soft wearable robots with both aesthetic and functional values. Through a series of tests in which various knitting techniques and parameters are used to create sleeves that house silicone actuators, it explores design possibilities and understands the complex relationships between textiles and actuators. The findings contribute to advancing soft wearable robotics by offering practical solutions for integrating pneumatic actuators seamlessly into wearable textiles, thereby unlocking new possibilities for human-centered robotic systems.
  • Journal article
    Xie R, Pinson P, Xu Y, Chen Yet al., 2024,

    Robust Generation Dispatch With Purchase of Renewable Power and Load Predictions

    , IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol: 15, Pages: 1486-1501, ISSN: 1949-3029

    The increasing use of renewable energy sources (RESs) and responsive loads has made power systems more uncertain. Meanwhile, thanks to the development of advanced metering and forecasting technologies, predictions by RES and load owners are now attainable. Many recent studies have revealed that pooling the predictions from RESs and loads can help the operators predict more accurately and make better dispatch decisions. However, how the prediction purchase decisions are made during the dispatch processes needs further investigation. This paper fills the research gap by proposing a novel robust generation dispatch model considering the purchase and use of predictions from RESs and loads. The prediction purchase decisions are made in the first stage, which influence the accuracy of predictions from RESs and loads, and further the uncertainty set and the worst-case second-stage dispatch performance. This two-stage procedure is essentially a robust optimization problem with decision-dependent uncertainty (DDU). A mapping-based column-and-constraint generation (C and CG) algorithm is developed to overcome the potential failures of traditional solution methods in detecting feasibility, guaranteeing convergence, and reaching optimal strategies under DDU. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness, necessity, and scalability of the proposed model and algorithm.
  • Journal article
    Lei G, Docherty R, Cooper SJ, 2024,

    Materials science in the era of large language models: a perspective

    , Digital Discovery, Vol: 3, Pages: 1257-1272, ISSN: 2635-098X

    Large Language Models (LLMs) have garnered considerable interest due to their impressive natural language capabilities, which in conjunction with various emergent properties make them versatile tools in workflows ranging from complex code generation to heuristic finding for combinatorial problems. In this paper we offer a perspective on their applicability to materials science research, arguing their ability to handle ambiguous requirements across a range of tasks and disciplines means they could be a powerful tool to aid researchers. We qualitatively examine basic LLM theory, connecting it to relevant properties and techniques in the literature before providing two case studies that demonstrate their use in task automation and knowledge extraction at-scale. At their current stage of development, we argue LLMs should be viewed less as oracles of novel insight, and more as tireless workers that can accelerate and unify exploration across domains. It is our hope that this paper can familiarise materials science researchers with the concepts needed to leverage these tools in their own research.
  • Journal article
    Jakobsson Støre S, Van Zalk N, Granander Schwartz W, Nilsson V, Tillfors Met al., 2024,

    The relationship between social anxiety disorder and ADHD in adolescents and adults: a systematic review

    , Journal of Attention Disorders, Vol: 28, Pages: 1299-1319, ISSN: 1087-0547

    Objective:This review aimed to systematically gather empirical data on the link between social anxiety disorder and ADHD in both clinical and non-clinical populations among adolescents and adults.Method:Literature searches were conducted in PsycInfo, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, resulting in 1,739 articles. After screening, 41 articles were included. Results were summarized using a narrative approach.Results:The prevalence of ADHD in adolescents and adults with SAD ranged from 1.1% to 72.3%, while the prevalence of SAD in those with ADHD ranged from 0.04% to 49.5%. Studies indicate that individuals with both SAD and ADHD exhibit greater impairments. All studies were judged to be of weak quality, except for two studies which were rated moderate quality.Discussion:Individuals with SAD should be screened for ADHD and vice versa, to identify this common comorbidity earlier. Further research is needed to better understand the prevalence of comorbid ADHD and SAD in adolescents.
  • Journal article
    Ewers RM, Orme CDL, Pearse WD, Zulkifli N, Yvon-Durocher G, Yusah KM, Yoh N, Yeo DCJ, Wong A, Williamson J, Wilkinson CL, Wiederkehr F, Webber BL, Wearn OR, Wai L, Vollans M, Twining JP, Turner EC, Tobias JA, Thorley J, Telford EM, Teh YA, Tan HH, Swinfield T, Svátek M, Struebig M, Stork N, Sleutel J, Slade EM, Sharp A, Shabrani A, Sethi SS, Seaman DJI, Sawang A, Roxby GB, Rowcliffe JM, Rossiter SJ, Riutta T, Rahman H, Qie L, Psomas E, Prairie A, Poznansky F, Pillay R, Picinali L, Pianzin A, Pfeifer M, Parrett JM, Noble CD, Nilus R, Mustaffa N, Mullin KE, Mitchell S, Mckinlay AR, Maunsell S, Matula R, Massam M, Martin S, Malhi Y, Majalap N, Maclean CS, Mackintosh E, Luke SH, Lewis OT, Layfield HJ, Lane-Shaw I, Kueh BH, Kratina P, Konopik O, Kitching R, Kinneen L, Kemp VA, Jotan P, Jones N, Jebrail EW, Hroneš M, Heon SP, Hemprich-Bennett DR, Haysom JK, Harianja MF, Hardwick J, Gregory N, Gray R, Gray REJ, Granville N, Gill R, Fraser A, Foster WA, Folkard-Tapp H, Fletcher RJ, Fikri AH, Fayle TM, Faruk A, Eggleton P, Edwards DP, Drinkwater R, Dow RA, Döbert TF, Didham RK, Dickinson KJM, Deere NJ, de Lorm T, Dawood MM, Davison CW, Davies ZG, Davies RG, Dančák M, Cusack J, Clare EL, Chung A, Chey VK, Chapman PM, Cator L, Carpenter D, Carbone C, Calloway K, Bush ER, Burslem DFRP, Brown KD, Brooks SJ, Brasington E, Brant H, Boyle MJW, Both S, Blackman J, Bishop TR, Bicknell JE, Bernard H, Basrur S, Barclay MVL, Barclay H, Atton G, Ancrenaz M, Aldridge DC, Daniel OZ, Reynolds G, Banks-Leite Cet al., 2024,

    Thresholds for adding degraded tropical forest to the conservation estate.

    , Nature, Vol: 631, Pages: 808-813

    Logged and disturbed forests are often viewed as degraded and depauperate environments compared with primary forest. However, they are dynamic ecosystems1 that provide refugia for large amounts of biodiversity2,3, so we cannot afford to underestimate their conservation value4. Here we present empirically defined thresholds for categorizing the conservation value of logged forests, using one of the most comprehensive assessments of taxon responses to habitat degradation in any tropical forest environment. We analysed the impact of logging intensity on the individual occurrence patterns of 1,681 taxa belonging to 86 taxonomic orders and 126 functional groups in Sabah, Malaysia. Our results demonstrate the existence of two conservation-relevant thresholds. First, lightly logged forests (<29% biomass removal) retain high conservation value and a largely intact functional composition, and are therefore likely to recover their pre-logging values if allowed to undergo natural regeneration. Second, the most extreme impacts occur in heavily degraded forests with more than two-thirds (>68%) of their biomass removed, and these are likely to require more expensive measures to recover their biodiversity value. Overall, our data confirm that primary forests are irreplaceable5, but they also reinforce the message that logged forests retain considerable conservation value that should not be overlooked.
  • Journal article
    Bonkile M, Jiang Y, Kirkaldy N, Sulzer V, Timms R, Wang H, Offer G, Wu Bet al., 2024,

    Is silicon worth it? Modelling degradation in composite silicon–graphite lithium-ion battery electrodes

    , Journal of Power Sources, Vol: 606, ISSN: 0378-7753

    The addition of silicon into graphite lithium-ion battery anodes has the potential to increase cell energy density. However, understanding the complex degradation behaviour in these composite systems remains a research challenge. Here, we developed a coupled electrochemical–mechanical model of a composite silicon/graphite electrode, including stress-driven crack formation and solid electrolyte interphase layer growth for each material, validated with experimental degradation data from an LG M50T cell. The model reveals self-limiting loss of silicon due to decreasing stress in the silicon as the silicon activity shifts to a lower state-of-charge. Higher C-rates can lead to lower degradation due to lower phase utilisation as voltage cut-offs are reached earlier. Increasing silicon content can reduce the stress in the silicon by distributing reaction current density over more material. Using this model, we explored whether the extra capacity from silicon is generally ‘worth’ the faster degradation compared to graphite-only electrodes. The model shows if you use the silicon, you lose it, as the higher initial capacity is rapidly lost with regular high depth-of-discharge events. However, silicon does have value if it enables full graphite utilisation without range anxiety; if high depth-of-discharge events are minimised then graphite’s superior longevity can be utilised while exploiting silicon’s high specific capacity. The model is integrated into PyBaMM (an open-source physics-based modelling platform); providing the research community and industry with the capability to reproduce our results and further explore the dynamic lifetime behaviour of composite electrodes.
  • Journal article
    Boyle D, Wang Y, 2024,

    Constrained Reinforcement Learning using Distributional Representation for Trustworthy Quadrotor UAV Tracking Control

    , IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, ISSN: 1042-296X
  • Thesis dissertation
    Seah C, 2024,

    Designing and Evaluating Mindfulness Conversational Agents for Persons with Dementia and Caregivers

    Dementia is one of the most prevalent global public health challenges and part of the major causes of dependency and disability worldwide. It is a debilitating disease that impacts not only the person with dementia but their caregiver (the “dyad”). Mindfulness interventions have positive effects for dyads but are rigid, time consuming and are not designed for dyads. Furthermore, using voice based conversational agents has not been done for dyadic mindfulness and may enhance accessibility and personalisation. This thesis explores how novel dyadic mindfulness conversational agents can be designed to benefit dyads, identifying user preferences and user needs, through the development and usage of a working prototype. We explored mindfulness interventions for dyads and technologies like conversational agents for health, before conducting a user research study through virtual semi-structured interviews with 10 experts and 5 dyads to understand the potential needs for the intervention. After which, we developed a working prototype through a user centred design approach comprising 4 cycles, incorporating the feedback from 10 dyads and 4 experts. Lastly, through a 30-day guideline assessment study using the working prototype, 6 dyads were eligible to participate, and completed the study. Assessments, surveys, and interviews were done pre and post study, while dyads filled in daily worksheets to track progress. From the various studies conducted, we identified initial user needs based on participants visualising the prototype. We then developed a working prototype and understood usage preferences and enhanced user needs based on dyad’s experiencing the prototype virtually. After the 30-day guideline assessment study, pre-post assessments showed improvement. Intervention and usage preferences further reveal that dyadic mindfulness conversational agents created using a user centred design approach, integrating user needs iteratively, can be beneficial for dyad
  • Journal article
    Lou Z, Min X, Li G, Avery J, Stewart Ret al., 2024,

    Advancing sensing resolution of impedance hand gesture recognition devices

    , IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, ISSN: 2168-2194

    Gestures are composed of motion information (e.g. movements of fingers) and force information (e.g. the force exerted on fingers when interacting with other objects). Current hand gesture recognition solutions such as cameras and strain sensors primarily focus on correlating hand gestures with motion information and force information is seldom addressed. Here we propose a bio-impedance wearable that can recognize hand gestures utilizing both motion information and force information. Compared with previous impedance-based gesture recognition devices that can only recognize a few multi-degrees-of-freedom gestures, the proposed device can recognize 6 single-degree-of-freedom gestures and 20 multiple-degrees-of-freedom gestures, including 8 gestures in 2 force levels. The device uses textile electrodes, is benchmarked over a selected frequency spectrum, and uses a new drive pattern. Experimental results show that 179 kHz achieves the highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and reveals the most distinct features. By analyzing the 49,920 samples from 6 participants, the device is demonstrated to have an average recognition accuracy of 98.96%. As a comparison, the medical electrodes achieved an accuracy of 98.05%.
  • Journal article
    Liu H, You SS, Gao Z, Hu N, Zhao Yet al., 2024,

    Next generation of gastrointestinal electrophysiology devices

    , NATURE REVIEWS GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY, ISSN: 1759-5045
  • Journal article
    Worrell C, Pollard R, Weetman T, Sadiq Z, Pieptan M, Brooks G, Broome M, Campbell N, Gardner N, Harding S, Lavis A, McEachan RRC, Mondelli V, Morgan C, Nosarti C, Porat T, Ryan D, Schmid L, Shire K, Woods A, Pariante CM, CELEBRATE Youth Expert Working Group, Dazzan P, Upthegrove Ret al., 2024,

    Exploring the research needs, barriers and facilitators to the collection of biological data in adolescence for mental health research: a scoping review protocol paper.

    , BMJ Open, Vol: 14

    INTRODUCTION: While research into adolescent mental health has developed a considerable understanding of environmental and psychosocial risk factors, equivalent biological evidence is lacking and is not representative of economic, social and ethnic diversity in the adolescent population. It is important to understand the possible barriers and facilitators to conduct this research. This will then allow us to improve our understanding of how biology interacts with environmental and psychosocial risk factors during adolescence. The objective of this scoping review is to identify and understand the needs, barriers and facilitators related to the collection of biological data in adolescent mental health research. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Reviewers will conduct a systematic search of PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Cochrane, ERIC, EMBASE, ProQuest, EBSCO Global Health electronic databases, relevant publications and reference lists to identify studies published in the English language at any time. This scoping review will identify published studies exploring mental health/psychopathology outcomes, with biological measures, in participants between the ages of 11 and 18 and examine the reported methodology used for data collection. Data will be summarised in tabular form with narrative synthesis and will use the methodology of Levac et al, supplemented by subsequent recommendations from the Joanna Briggs Institute Scoping Review Methodology. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval is not required for this scoping review. The scoping review will be conducted with input from patient and public involvement, specifically including young people involved in our study ('Co-producing a framework of guiding principles for Engaging representative and diverse cohorts of young peopLE in Biological ReseArch in menTal hEalth'-www.celebrateproject.co.uk) Youth Expert Working Group. Dissemination will include publication in peer-reviewed journals, academic presentations and on the project website.
  • Journal article
    Yin Y, Han J, Childs P, 2024,

    An EEG study on artistic and engineering mindsets in students in creative processes

    , Scientific Reports, Vol: 14, ISSN: 2045-2322

    This study aims to take higher-education students as examples to understand and compare artistic and engineering mindsets in creative processes using EEG. Fifteen Master of Fine Arts (MFA) visual arts and fifteen Master of Engineering (MEng) design engineering students were recruited and asked to complete alternative uses tasks wearing an EEG headset. The results revealed that (1) the engineering-mindset students responded to creative ideas faster than artistic-mindset students. (2) Although in creative processes both artistic- and engineering-mindset students showed Theta, Alpha, and Beta wave activity, the active brain areas are slightly different. The active brain areas of artistic-mindset students in creative processes are mainly in the frontal and occipital lobes; while the whole brain (frontal, oriental, temporal, and occipital lobes) was active in creative processes of engineering-mindset students. (3) During the whole creative process, the brain active level of artistic-mindset students was higher than that of engineering-mindset students. The results of this study fills gaps in existing research where only active brain areas and band waves were compared between artistic- and engineering-mindset students in creative processes. For quick thinking in terms of fluency of generating creative ideas, engineering students have an advantage in comparison to those from the visual arts. Also, the study provided more evidence that mindset can affect the active levels of the brain areas. Finally, this study provides educators with more insights on how to stimulate students’ creative ability.
  • Conference paper
    Smith F, Sadek M, Mougenot C, 2024,

    Empowering end-users in co-designing AI: an AI literacy card-based toolkit for non-technical audiences

    , 36th International BCS Human-Computer Interaction Conference
  • Journal article
    Yu Z, Childs P, Ge Y, Nanayakkara Tet al., 2024,

    Whisker sensor for robot environments perception: a review

    , IEEE Sensors Journal, ISSN: 1530-437X

    Nocturnal mammals such as rats heavily depend onwhisker based tactile perception to find their way through burrows and to identify objects. There is diversity in the whiskers in terms of the physical structure and nervous innervation. The robotics community has developed many different whisker sensors inspired by this biological basis. They take diverse mechanical, electronic, andcomputational approaches to use whiskers to identify the geometry, mechanical properties, and texture of objects. Some work address specific object features and some others address multiple features. Therefore, it is vital to have a comprehensive discussion of the literature and to understand the merits of both bio-inspired and pureengineered approaches to whisker based tactile perception. In this paper we report and discuss the progress in following areas: The body of mammalian whisker follicle, unimodal whiskered sensors, multimodal whiskered sensors with variable stiffness that can capture tactile sensory stimuli of different frequencies, obstacles detection, shape detection, texture classification and robot navigation using whiskers.
  • Journal article
    Docherty R, Squires I, Vamvakeros A, Cooper SJet al., 2024,

    SAMBA: a trainable segmentation web-app with smart labelling

    , Journal of Open Source Software, Vol: 9, Pages: 6159-6159, ISSN: 2475-9066

    Segmentation is the assigning of a semantic class to every pixel in an image and is a prerequisite for various statistical analysis tasks in materials science, like phase quantification, physics simulations or morphological characterisation. The wide range of length scales, imaging techniques and materials studied in materials science means any segmentation algorithm must generalise to unseen data and support abstract, user-defined semantic classes. Trainablesegmentation is a popular interactive segmentation paradigm where a classifier is trained to map from image features to user drawn labels. SAMBA is a trainable segmentation tool that uses Meta’s Segment Anything Model (SAM) for fast, high-quality label suggestions and arandom forest classifier for robust, generalisable segmentations. It is accessible in the browser (https://www.sambasegment.com/), without the need to download any external dependencies. The segmentation backend is run in the cloud, so does not require the user to have powerfulhardware.
  • Journal article
    Zhou Y, Sun Y, Li Y, Shen C, Lou Z, Min X, Stewart Ret al., 2024,

    A highly durable and UV‐resistant graphene‐based knitted textile sensing sleeve for human joint angle monitoring and gesture differentiation

    , Advanced Intelligent Systems, ISSN: 2640-4567

    Flexible strain sensors based on textiles have attracted extensive attention owing to their light weight, flexibility, and comfort when wearing. However, challenges in integrating textile strain sensors into wearable sensing devices include the need for outstanding sensing performance, long-term monitoring stability, and fast, convenient integration processes to achieve comprehensive monitoring. The scalable fabrication technique presented here addresses these challenges by incorporating customizable graphene-based sensing networks into knitted structures, thus creating sensing sleeves for precise motion detection and differentiation. The performance and real-world application potential of the sensing sleeve are evaluated by its precision in angle estimation and complex joint motion recognition during intra- and intersubject studies. For intra-subject analysis, the sensing sleeve only exhibits a 2.34° angle error in five different knee activities among 20 participants, and the sensing sleeves show up to 94.1% and 96.1% accuracy in the gesture classification of knee and elbow, respectively. For inter-subject analysis, the sensing sleeve demonstrates a 4.21° angle error, and it shows up to 79.9% and 85.5% accuracy in the gesture classification of knee and elbow, respectively. An activity-guided user interface compatible with the sensing sleeves for human motion monitoring in home healthcare applications is presented to illustrate the potential applications.
  • Journal article
    Godden T, Mulvey B, Redgrave E, Nanayakkara Tet al., 2024,

    PaTS-wheel: a passively-transformable single-part wheel for mobile robot navigation on unstructured terrain

    , IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, Vol: 9, Pages: 5512-5519, ISSN: 2377-3766

    Most mobile robots use wheels that perform well on even and structured ground, like in factories and warehouses. However, they face challenges traversing unstructured terrain such as stepped obstacles. This letter presents the design and testing of the PaTS-Wheel: a Passively-Transformable Single-part Wheel that can transform to render hooks when presented with obstacles. The passive rendering of this useful morphological feature is guided purely by the geometry of the obstacle. The energy consumption and vibrational profile of the PaTS-Wheel on flat ground is comparable to a standard wheel of the same size. In addition, our novel wheel design was tested traversing different terrains with stepped obstacles of incremental heights. The PaTS-Wheel achieved 100% success rate at traversing stepped obstacles with heights ≈70% its diameter, higher than the results obtained for an equivalent wheel ( ≈25% its diameter) and an equivalent wheg ( ≈61% its diameter). This achieves the design objectives of combining the energy efficiency and ride smoothness of wheels with the obstacle traversal capabilities of legged robots, all without requiring any sensors, actuators, or controllers.
  • Journal article
    Dudkina E, Bin M, Breen J, Crisostomi E, Ferraro P, Kirkland S, Marecek J, Murray-Smith R, Parisini T, Stone L, Yilmaz S, Shorten Ret al., 2024,

    A comparison of centrality measures and their role in controlling the spread in epidemic networks

    , International Journal of Control, Vol: 97, Pages: 1325-1340, ISSN: 0020-7179

    The ranking of nodes in a network according to their centrality or ``importance'' is a classic problem that has attracted the interest of different scientific communities in the last decades. The COVID-19 pandemic has recently rejuvenated the interest in this problem, as the ranking may be used to decide who should be tested, or vaccinated, first, in a population of asymptomatic individuals. In this paper, we review classic methods for node ranking and compare their performance in a benchmark network that considers the community-based structure of society. The outcome of the ranking procedure is then used to decide which individuals should be tested, and possibly quarantined, first. Finally, we also review the extension of these ranking methods to weighted graphs and explore the importance of weights in a contact network by providing a toy model and comparing node rankings for this case in the context of disease spread.
  • Journal article
    Jagannath S, Gatersleben B, Ratcliffe E, 2024,

    Flexibility of the home and residents’ psychological wellbeing

    , Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol: 96, ISSN: 0272-4944

    BackgroundFlexible homes provide residents with choice and control in how they use and modify their homes to suit their changing needs, but the psychological benefits of flexibility for residents' wellbeing have been underexplored. This paper examines to what extent flexible homes support residents’ wellbeing, what architectural qualities (Architectural Flexibility) are important for wellbeing, and to what extent residents can use these qualities to make changes to home (Behavioural Flexibility) to achieve wellbeing.StudiesThree studies were conducted to examine the relationship between flexibility of the home and residents' psychological wellbeing. Study 1 (N = 187) explored the association between Flexibility and wellbeing. Study 2 (N = 212) examined the mediating nature of the Behavioural Flexibility component in the relationship between Architectural Flexibility of the home and residents' wellbeing. Study 3 (N = 300) examined this relationship further by exploring the influence of residents’ individual factors of Capability and Motivation in the Study 2 model using the COM-B model of behaviour.ResultsStudy 1 showed that residents’ perceptions of flexibility of their homes were positively associated with their hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing at home, explaining 21% and 15.3% of variance respectively. Study 2 showed that Behavioural Flexibility significantly mediated the relationship between Architectural Flexibility and hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing. Among the three types of Architectural Flexibility explored in Study 3, the COM-B model of Availability of spaces at home explained the most variance in hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing, compared to Modifiability and Multifunctionality of spaces. In all models, COM-B components showed varying influence on wellbeing. The mediating nature of Behavioural Flexibility was confirmed in the COM-B model of Modifiability.ConclusionsFlexibility in the built home environment and residents' behaviour of mak
  • Journal article
    Sadek M, Calvo RA, Mougenot C, 2024,

    Closing the socio–technical gap in AI: the need for measuring practitioners’ attitudes and perceptions

    , IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, Vol: 43, Pages: 88-91, ISSN: 0278-0097

    This article discusses the need for artificial intelligence (AI) practitioners to shift their focus from a purely technical mindset toward a more human-centered approach. Technical experts are trained to consider the technical aspects of their work, which can cause them to overlook important socio–technical considerations and implications, resulting in a socio–technical gap in AI-based systems [4]. Unhelpful practitioner cultures can lead to them “rejecting practices or downplaying the importance of values or the possible threats of ignoring them” [1]. While efforts are being made to create ethical and more human-centered AI systems, there is a need for corresponding changes in the attitudes and perceptions of AI practitioners. Practitioners need to move away from a sole focus on compliance with responsible AI guidelines and regulations toward active reflection and empathy based on a true understanding of the profound effects their decisions can have on different stakeholders. However, one problematic barrier to beginning work on interventions that target practitioners’ mindsets and attitudes is the lack of a standardized method for evaluating or measuring the effectiveness of design interventions on their attitudes and perceptions. This article suggests the need for clearer metrics within the human–computer interaction (HCI) community for looking at practitioners’ attitudes toward socio–technical factors in AI design.
  • Journal article
    Weber C, Gatersleben B, Jagannath S, Fuchslin B, Delabrida ZNCet al., 2024,

    Crowding and aggression during the COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom: The relationship between residential density, subjective crowding, privacy, and aggression

    , JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY, Vol: 96, ISSN: 0272-4944

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