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  • Journal article
    Wang L, Quiceno R, Price C, Malpas R, Woods Jet al., 2014,

    Economic and GHG emissions analyses for sugarcane ethanol in Brazil: Looking forward

    , Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol: 40, Pages: 571-582, ISSN: 1364-0321

    Abstract There have been many efforts to improve sugarcane cultivation and conversion technologies in the ethanol industry. In this study, an economic assessment and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions analysis are performed on ethanol produced conventionally from sugarcane sugar and on an emerging process where the sugarcane bagasse is additionally used to produce ethanol. The combined conventional plus lignocellulosic ethanol pathway is found to be less economically favorable than the conventional ethanol pathway unless a series of technical challenges associated with cost reductions in lignocellulosic ethanol production are overcome, reaching a production cost at 0.31 $/L. This is expected to be achieved in a prospective 2020 scenario. GHG emissions savings against gasoline for both the conventional ethanol and the conventional plus lignocellulosic ethanol pathways are confirmed and found to increase with technological developments projected to occur over time. However, the absolute numbers are highly sensitive to the way of claiming credits from surplus electricity co-generated in the mill. These are 86%, 110% and 150% for the conventional ethanol in the 2020 scenario when the surplus electricity is assumed to replace the average electricity, the ‘combined-sources’ based electricity and the marginal electricity, respectively. For the conventional plus lignocellulosic ethanol pathway, they are 80%, 85% and 95% respectively in the 2020 scenario. Finally, a series of sensitivity analyses found the comparison in the GHG emissions between the two production pathways is not sensitive to changes in the sugarcane yield or the emissions factor for the enzymes used in the lignocellulosic ethanol process. However, the plant size is an influential factor on both the ethanol production cost (a lowest MESP of 0.26 $/L at the scale of 4 MM tonne cane/yr) and the GHG emission factors, partially because of the important role that transport of feedstock biomass (sugarcane
  • Journal article
    Clements T, Suon S, Wilkie DS, Milner-Gulland EJet al., 2014,

    Impacts of Protected Areas on Local Livelihoods in Cambodia

    , WORLD DEVELOPMENT, Vol: 64, Pages: S125-S134, ISSN: 0305-750X
  • Journal article
    Hudson LN, Newbold T, Contu S, Hill SLL, Lysenko I, De Palma A, Phillips HRP, Senior RA, Bennett DJ, Booth H, Choimes A, Correia DLP, Day J, Echeverria-Londono S, Garon M, Harrison MLK, Ingram DJ, Jung M, Kemp V, Kirkpatrick L, Martin CD, Pan Y, White HJ, Aben J, Abrahamczyk S, Adum GB, Aguilar-Barquero V, Aizen MA, Ancrenaz M, Arbelaez-Cortes E, Armbrecht I, Azhar B, Azpiroz AB, Baeten L, Baldi A, Banks JE, Barlow J, Batary P, Bates AJ, Bayne EM, Beja P, Berg A, Berry NJ, Bicknell JE, Bihn JH, Boehning-Gaese K, Boekhout T, Boutin C, Bouyer J, Brearley FQ, Brito I, Brunet J, Buczkowski G, Buscardo E, Cabra-Garcia J, Calvino-Cancela M, Cameron SA, Cancello EM, Carrijo TF, Carvalho AL, Castro H, Castro-Luna AA, Cerda R, Cerezo A, Chauvat M, Clarke FM, Cleary DFR, Connop SP, D'Aniello B, da Silva PG, Darvill B, Dauber J, Dejean A, Diekoetter T, Dominguez-Haydar Y, Dormann CF, Dumont B, Dures SG, Dynesius M, Edenius L, Elek Z, Entling MH, Farwig N, Fayle TM, Felicioli A, Felton AM, Ficetola GF, Filgueiras BKC, Fonte SJ, Fraser LH, Fukuda D, Furlani D, Ganzhorn JU, Garden JG, Gheler-Costa C, Giordani P, Giordano S, Gottschalk MS, Goulson D, Gove AD, Grogan J, Hanley ME, Hanson T, Hashim NR, Hawes JE, Hebert C, Helden AJ, Henden J-A, Hernandez L, Herzog F, Higuera-Diaz D, Hilje B, Horgan FG, Horvath R, Hylander K, Isaacs-Cubides P, Ishitani M, Jacobs CT, Jaramillo VJ, Jauker B, Jonsell M, Jung TS, Kapoor V, Kati V, Katovai E, Kessler M, Knop E, Kolb A, Koroesi A, Lachat T, Lantschner V, Le Feon V, LeBuhn G, Legare J-P, Letcher SG, Littlewood NA, Lopez-Quintero CA, Louhaichi M, Loevei GL, Lucas-Borja ME, Luja VH, Maeto K, Magura T, Mallari NA, Marin-Spiotta E, Marshall EJP, Martinez E, Mayfield MM, Mikusinski G, Milder JC, Miller JR, Morales CL, Muchane MN, Muchane M, Naidoo R, Nakamura A, Naoe S, Nates-Parra G, Navarrete Gutierrez DA, Neuschulz EL, Noreika N, Norfolk O, Noriega JA, Noeske NM, O'Dea N, Oduro W, Ofori-Boateng C, Oke CO, Osgathorpe LM, Paritsis J, Parra-H Aet al., 2014,

    The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts

    , ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION, Vol: 4, Pages: 4701-4735, ISSN: 2045-7758
  • Journal article
    Chebli E, Casey M, Martinez-Botas R, Sumser S, Mueller M, Kuenzel S, Leweux J, Gorbach A, Schmidt Wet al., 2014,

    The Variable Outlet Turbine Concept for Turbochargers

    , JOURNAL OF TURBOMACHINERY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME, Vol: 136, ISSN: 0889-504X
  • Journal article
    Batsaikhan N, Buuveibaatar B, Chimed B, Enkhtuya O, Galbrakh D, Ganbaatar O, Lkhagvasuren B, Nandintsetseg D, Berger J, Calabrese JM, Edwards AE, Fagan WF, Fuller TK, Heiner M, Ito TY, Kaczensky P, Leimgruber P, Lushchekina A, Milner-Gulland EJ, Mueller T, Murray MG, Olson KA, Reading R, Schaller GB, Stubbe A, Stubbe M, Walzer C, Von Wehrden H, Whitten Tet al., 2014,

    Conserving the World's Finest Grassland Amidst Ambitious National Development

    , CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Vol: 28, Pages: 1736-1739, ISSN: 0888-8892
  • Journal article
    Hodge VJ, Krishnan R, Austin J, Polak J, Jackson Tet al., 2014,

    Short-term prediction of traffic flow using a binary neural network

    , NEURAL COMPUTING & APPLICATIONS, Vol: 25, Pages: 1639-1655, ISSN: 0941-0643
  • Journal article
    van de Flierdt T, 2014,

    Tina van de Flierdt

    , OCEANOGRAPHY, Vol: 27, Pages: 241-241, ISSN: 1042-8275
  • Journal article
    Madani K, Hooshyar M, 2014,

    A game theory-reinforcement learning (GT-RL) method to develop optimal operation policies for multi-operator reservoir systems

    , JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY, Vol: 519, Pages: 732-742, ISSN: 0022-1694
  • Journal article
    Guilbert AAY, Schmidt M, Bruno A, Yao J, King S, Tuladhar SM, Kirchartz T, Alonso MI, Goni AR, Stingelin N, Haque SA, Campoy-Quiles M, Nelson Jet al., 2014,

    Spectroscopic Evaluation of Mixing and Crystallinity of Fullerenes in Bulk Heterojunctions

    , ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Vol: 24, Pages: 6972-6980, ISSN: 1616-301X
  • Journal article
    Ahmed SE, Lees AC, Moura NG, Gardner TA, Barlow J, Ferreira J, Ewers RMet al., 2014,

    Road networks predict human influence on Amazonian bird communities

    , PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, Vol: 281, ISSN: 0962-8452
  • Journal article
    Carrasco LR, Larrosa C, Milner-Gulland EJ, Edwards DPet al., 2014,

    Tropical crops: cautious optimism Response

    , SCIENCE, Vol: 346, Pages: 928-928, ISSN: 0036-8075
  • Journal article
    Milner-Gulland EJ, Baillie J, Washington H, Waterman Cet al., 2014,

    A framework for evaluating the effectiveness of conservation attention at the species level

    , Oryx, ISSN: 1365-3008

    It is essential to understand whether conservation interventions are having the desired effect, particularly in light of increasing pressures on biodiversity and because of requirements by donors that project success be demonstrated. Whilst most evaluations look at effectiveness at a project or organizational level, local efforts need to be connected to an understanding of the effectiveness of conservation directed at a species as a whole, particularly as most metrics of conservation success are at the level of species. We present a framework for measuring the effectiveness of conservation attention at a species level over time, based on scoring eight factors essential for species conservation (engaging stakeholders, management programme, education and awareness, funding and resource mobilization, addressing threats, communication, capacity building and status knowledge), across input, output and outcome stages, in relation to the proportion of the species’ range where each factor attains its highest score. The framework was tested using expert elicitation for 35 mammal and amphibian species on the Zoological Society of London's list of Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered species. Broad patterns in the index produced by the framework could suggest potential mechanisms underlying change in species status. Assigning an uncertainty score to information demonstrates not only where gaps in knowledge exist, but discrepancies in knowledge between experts. This framework could be a useful tool to link local and global scales of impact on species conservation, and could provide a simple and visually appealing way of tracking conservation over time.
  • Journal article
    Wilson DJ, Crocket KC, van de Flierdt T, Robinson LF, Adkins JFet al., 2014,

    Dynamic intermediate ocean circulation in the North Atlantic during Heinrich Stadial 1: A radiocarbon and neodymium isotope perspective

    , Paleoceanography, Vol: 29, Pages: 1072-1093, ISSN: 0883-8305

    The last deglaciation was characterized by a series of millennial‐scale climate events that have been linked to deep ocean variability. While often implied in interpretations, few direct constraints exist on circulation changes at mid‐depths. Here we provide new constraints on the variability of deglacial mid‐depth circulation using combined radiocarbon and neodymium isotopes in 24 North Atlantic deep‐sea corals. Their aragonite skeletons have been dated by uranium‐series, providing absolute ages and the resolution to record centennial‐scale changes, while transects spanning the lifetime of a single coral allow subcentennial tracer reconstruction. Our results reveal that rapid fluctuations of water mass sourcing and radiocarbon affected the mid‐depth water column (1.7–2.5 km) on timescales of less than 100 years during the latter half of Heinrich Stadial 1. The neodymium isotopic variability (−14.5 to −11.0) ranges from the composition of the modern northern‐sourced waters towards more radiogenic compositions, suggesting the presence of a greater southern‐sourced component at some times. However, in detail, simple two‐component mixing between well‐ventilated northern‐sourced and radiocarbon‐depleted southern‐sourced water masses cannot explain all our data. Instead, corals from ~15.0 ka and ~15.8 ka may record variability between southern‐sourced intermediate waters and radiocarbon‐depleted northern‐sourced waters, unless there was a major shift in the neodymium isotopic composition of the northern end‐member. In order to explain the rapid shift towards the most depleted radiocarbon values at ~15.4 ka, we suggest a different mixing scenario involving either radiocarbon‐depleted deep water from the Greenland‐Iceland‐Norwegian Seas or a southern‐sourced deep water mass. Since these mid‐depth changes preceded the Bolling‐Allerod warming and were apparently unaccompanied by changes in the deep Atlantic, they may indic
  • Journal article
    Kishimoto M, Lomberg M, Ruiz-Trejo E, Brandon NPet al., 2014,

    Enhanced triple-phase boundary density in infiltrated electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells demonstrated by high-resolution tomography

    , Journal of Power Sources, Vol: 266, Pages: 291-295, ISSN: 0378-7753

    This paper, for the first time, demonstrates the three-dimensional imaging of nano-particle infiltrated Ni–GDC (gadolinia-doped ceria) electrodes using focused ion beam tomography. Microstructural parameters of the actual electrode microstructure are quantified, such as volume fraction, TPB density and mean particle/pore sizes. These microstructural parameters reveal that the infiltrated electrodes have eight times larger TPB density than conventional electrodes fabricated by powder mixing and sintering methods. Comparison between the infiltrated electrodes and conventional electrodes indicates that the infiltrated electrodes have a greater potential to independently control metal particle size, porosity and TPB density, which is a significant advantage in developing design optimized electrode microstructures.
  • Journal article
    Calvo MM, Prentice IC, Harrison SP, 2014,

    Climate versus carbon dioxide controls on biomass burning: a model analysis of the glacial-interglacial contrast

    , Biogeosciences, Vol: 11, Pages: 6017-6027, ISSN: 1726-4189

    Climate controls fire regimes through its influence on the amount and types of fuel present and their dryness. CO2 concentration constrains primary production by limiting photosynthetic activity in plants. However, although fuel accumulation depends on biomass production, and hence on CO2 concentration, the quantitative relationship between atmospheric CO2 concentration and biomass burning is not well understood. Here a fire-enabled dynamic global vegetation model (the Land surface Processes and eXchanges model, LPX) is used to attribute glacial–interglacial changes in biomass burning to an increase in CO2, which would be expected to increase primary production and therefore fuel loads even in the absence of climate change, vs. climate change effects. Four general circulation models provided last glacial maximum (LGM) climate anomalies – that is, differences from the pre-industrial (PI) control climate – from the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase~2, allowing the construction of four scenarios for LGM climate. Modelled carbon fluxes from biomass burning were corrected for the model's observed prediction biases in contemporary regional average values for biomes. With LGM climate and low CO2 (185 ppm) effects included, the modelled global flux at the LGM was in the range of 1.0–1.4 Pg C year-1, about a third less than that modelled for PI time. LGM climate with pre-industrial CO2 (280 ppm) yielded unrealistic results, with global biomass burning fluxes similar to or even greater than in the pre-industrial climate. It is inferred that a substantial part of the increase in biomass burning after the LGM must be attributed to the effect of increasing CO2 concentration on primary production and fuel load. Today, by analogy, both rising CO2 and global warming must be considered as risk factors for increasing biomass burning. Both effects need to be included in models to project future fire risks.
  • Journal article
    Christiansen-Jucht C, Parham PE, Saddler A, Koella JC, Basanez M-Get al., 2014,

    Temperature during larval development and adult maintenance influences the survival of <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> s.s.

    , PARASITES & VECTORS, Vol: 7, ISSN: 1756-3305
  • Journal article
    Mitchell J, Vandeperre L, Dvorak R, Kosior E, Tarverdi K, Cheeseman Cet al., 2014,

    Recycling disposable cups into paper plastic composites

    , Waste Management, Vol: 34, Pages: 2113-2119, ISSN: 0956-053X

    The majority of disposable cups are made from paper plastic laminates (PPL) which consist of high quality cellulose fibre with a thin internal polyethylene coating. There are limited recycling options for PPLs and this has contributed to disposable cups becoming a high profile, problematic waste. In this work disposable cups have been shredded to form PPL flakes and these have been used to reinforce polypropylene to form novel paper plastic composites (PPCs). The PPL flakes and polypropylene were mixed, extruded, pelletised and injection moulded at low temperatures to prevent degradation of the cellulose fibres. The level of PPL flake addition and the use of a maleated polyolefin coupling agent to enhance interfacial adhesion have been investigated. Samples have been characterised using tensile testing, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis. Use of a coupling agent allows composites containing 40 wt.% of PPL flakes to increase tensile strength of PP by 50% to 30 MPa. The Young modulus also increases from 1 to 2.5 GPa and the work to fracture increases by a factor of 5. The work demonstrates that PPL disposable cups have potential to be beneficially reused as reinforcement in novel polypropylene composites.
  • Journal article
    Rose KC, Ross N, Bingham RG, Corr HFJ, Ferraccioli F, Jordan TA, Le Brocq AM, Rippin DM, Siegert MJet al., 2014,

    A temperate former West Antarctic ice sheet suggested by an extensive zone of subglacial meltwater channels

    , Geology, Vol: 42, Pages: 971-974, ISSN: 0091-7613

    Several recent studies predict that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet will become increasingly unstable under warmer conditions. Insights on such change can be assisted through investigations of the subglacial landscape, which contains imprints of former ice-sheet behavior. Here, we present radio-echo sounding data and satellite imagery revealing a series of ancient large sub-parallel subglacial bed channels preserved in the region between the Möller and Foundation Ice Streams, West Antarctica. We suggest that these newly recognized channels were formed by significant meltwater routed along the icesheet bed. The volume of water required is likely substantial and can most easily be explained by water generated at the ice surface. The Greenland Ice Sheet today exemplifies how significant seasonal surface melt can be transferred to the bed via englacial routing. For West Antarctica, the Pliocene (2.6–5.3 Ma) represents the most recent sustained period when temperatures could have been high enough to generate surface melt comparable to that of present-day Greenland. We propose, therefore, that a temperate ice sheet covered this location during Pliocene warm periods.
  • Journal article
    Ball WT, Krivova NA, Unruh YC, Haigh JD, Solanki SKet al., 2014,

    A new SATIRE-S spectral solar irradiance reconstruction for solar cycles 21-23 and its implications for stratospheric Ozone

    , Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol: 71, Pages: 4086-4101, ISSN: 0022-4928

    The authors present a revised and extended total and spectral solar irradiance (SSI) reconstruction, which includes a wavelength-dependent uncertainty estimate, spanning the last three solar cycles using the Spectral and Total Irradiance Reconstruction—Satellite era (SATIRE-S) model. The SSI reconstruction covers wavelengths between 115 and 160 000 nm and all dates between August 1974 and October 2009. This represents the first full-wavelength SATIRE-S reconstruction to cover the last three solar cycles without data gaps and with an uncertainty estimate. SATIRE-S is compared with the Naval Research Laboratory Spectral Solar Irradiance (NRLSSI) model and ultraviolet (UV) observations from the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) Solar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE). SATIRE-S displays similar cycle behavior to NRLSSI for wavelengths below 242 nm and almost twice the variability between 242 and 310 nm. During the decline of the last solar cycle, between 2003 and 2008, the SSI from SORCE SOLSTICE versions 12 and 10 typically displays more than 3 times the variability of SATIRE-S between 200 and 300 nm. All three datasets are used to model changes in stratospheric ozone within a 2D atmospheric model for a decline from high solar activity to solar minimum. The different flux changes result in different modeled ozone trends. Using NRLSSI leads to a decline in mesospheric ozone, while SATIRE-S and SORCE SOLSTICE result in an increase. Recent publications have highlighted increases in mesospheric ozone when considering version 10 SORCE SOLSTICE irradiances. The recalibrated SORCE SOLSTICE version 12 irradiances result in a much smaller mesospheric ozone response than that of version 10, and this smaller mesospheric ozone response is similar in magnitude to that of SATIRE-S. This shows that current knowledge of variations in spectral irradiance is not sufficient to warrant robust conclusions concerning the impact of solar variability on th
  • Journal article
    Suz LM, Barsoum N, Benham S, Dietrich HP, Fetzer KD, Fischer R, García P, Gehrman J, Kristöfel F, Manninger M, Neagu S, Nicolas M, Oldenburger J, Raspe S, Sánchez G, Schröck HW, Schubert A, Verheyen K, Verstraeten A, Bidartondo MIet al., 2014,

    Environmental drivers of ectomycorrhizal communities in Europe's temperate oak forests

    , Molecular Ecology, Vol: 23, Pages: 5628-5644, ISSN: 1365-294X

    Ectomycorrhizal fungi are major ecological players in temperate forests but they are rarely used in measures of forest condition because large-scale, high-resolution, standardized and replicated belowground data is scarce. We carried out an analysis of ectomycorrhizas at 22 intensively-monitored long-term oak plots, across nine European countries, covering complex natural and anthropogenic environmental gradients. We found that at large scales mycorrhizal richness and evenness declined with decreasing soil pH and root density, and with increasing atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Shifts in mycorrhizas with different functional traits were detected; mycorrhizas with structures specialized for long-distance transport related differently to most environmental variables than those without. The dominant oak-specialist Lactarius quietus, with limited soil exploration, responds positively to increasing N inputs and decreasing pH. In contrast, Tricholoma, Cortinarius and Piloderma species, with medium-distance soil exploration, show a consistently negative response. We also determined N critical loads for moderate (9.5 - 13.5 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) ) and drastic (17 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) ) changes in belowground mycorrhizal root communities in temperate oak forests. Overall, we generated the first baseline data for ectomycorrhizal fungi in the oak forests sampled, identified nitrogen pollution as one of their major drivers at large scales, and revealed fungi that individually and/or in combination with others can be used as belowground indicators of environmental characteristics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
  • Journal article
    Hill J, Collins GS, Avdis A, Kramer SC, Piggott MDet al., 2014,

    How does multiscale modelling and inclusion of realistic palaeobathymetry affect numerical simulation of the Storegga Slide tsunami?

    , Ocean Modelling, Vol: 83, Pages: 11-25, ISSN: 1463-5003

    The ∼8.15 ka Storegga submarine slide was a large (∼3000 km3), tsunamigenic slide off the coast of Norway. The resulting tsunami had run-up heights of around 10–20 m on the Norwegian coast, over 12 m in Shetland, 3–6 m on the Scottish mainland coast and reached as far as Greenland. Accurate numerical simulations of Storegga require high spatial resolution near the coasts, particularly near tsunami run-up observations, and also in the slide region. However, as the computational domain must span the whole of the Norwegian-Greenland sea, employing uniformly high spatial resolution is computationally prohibitive. To overcome this problem, we present a multiscale numerical model of the Storegga slide-generated tsunami where spatial resolution varies from 500 m to 50 km across the entire Norwegian-Greenland sea domain to optimally resolve the slide region, important coastlines and bathymetric changes. We compare results from our multiscale model to previous results using constant-resolution models and show that accounting for changes in bathymetry since 8.15 ka, neglected in previous numerical studies of the Storegga slide-tsunami, improves the agreement between the model and inferred run-up heights in specific locations, especially in the Shetlands, where maximum run-up height increased from 8 m (modern bathymetry) to 13 m (palaeobathymetry). By tracking the Storegga tsunami as far south as the southern North sea, we also found that wave heights were high enough to inundate Doggerland, an island in the southern North Sea prior to sea level rise over the last 8 ka.
  • Journal article
    Shan M, Yang X, Ezzati M, Chaturvedi N, Coady E, Hughes A, Shi Y, Yang M, Zhang Y, Baumgartner Jet al., 2014,

    A feasibility study of the association of exposure to biomass smoke with vascular function, inflammation, and cellular aging

    , ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, Vol: 135, Pages: 165-172, ISSN: 0013-9351
  • Journal article
    Zavichi A, Madani K, Xanthopoulos P, Oloufa AAet al., 2014,

    Enhanced crane operations in construction using service request optimization

    , AUTOMATION IN CONSTRUCTION, Vol: 47, Pages: 69-77, ISSN: 0926-5805
  • Journal article
    Madsen MV, Gevorgyan SA, Pacios R, Ajuria J, Etxebarria I, Kettle J, Bristow ND, Neophytou M, Choulis SA, Roman LS, Yohannes T, Cester A, Cheng P, Zhan X, Wu J, Xie Z, Tu W-C, He J-H, Fell CJ, Anderson K, Hermenau M, Bartesaghi D, Koster LJA, Machui F, Gonzalez-Valls I, Lira-Cantu M, Khlyabich PP, Thompson BC, Gupta R, Shanmugam K, Kulkarni GU, Galagan Y, Urbina A, Abad J, Roesch R, Hoppe H, Morvillo P, Bobeico E, Panaitescu E, Menon L, Luo Q, Wu Z, Ma C, Hambarian A, Melikyan V, Hambsch M, Burn PL, Meredith P, Rath T, Dunst S, Trimmel G, Bardizza G, Muellejans H, Goryachev AE, Misra RK, Katz EA, Takagi K, Magaino S, Saito H, Aoki D, Sommeling PM, Kroon JM, Vangerven T, Manca J, Kesters J, Maes W, Bobkova OD, Trukhanov VA, Paraschuk DY, Castro FA, Blakesley J, Tuladhar SM, Roehr JA, Nelson J, Xia J, Parlak EA, Tumay TA, Egelhaaf H-J, Tanenbaum DM, Ferguson GM, Carpenter R, Chen H, Zimmermann B, Hirsch L, Wantz G, Sun Z, Singh P, Bapat C, Offermans T, Krebs FCet al., 2014,

    Worldwide outdoor round robin study of organic photovoltaic devices and modules

    , SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS, Vol: 130, Pages: 281-290, ISSN: 0927-0248
  • Journal article
    Hirst LC, Yakes MK, Bailey CG, Tischler JG, Lumb MP, Gonzalez M, Fuehrer MF, Ekins-Daukes NJ, Walters RJet al., 2014,

    Enhanced Hot-Carrier Effects in InAlAs/InGaAs Quantum Wells

    , IEEE JOURNAL OF PHOTOVOLTAICS, Vol: 4, Pages: 1526-1531, ISSN: 2156-3381
  • Journal article
    Maldonado-Hinarejos R, Sivakumar A, Polak JW, 2014,

    Exploring the role of individual attitudes and perceptions in predicting the demand for cycling: a hybrid choice modelling approach

    , TRANSPORTATION, Vol: 41, Pages: 1287-1304, ISSN: 0049-4488
  • Journal article
    Pierce EL, Hemming SR, Williams T, van de Flierdt T, Thomson SN, Reiners PW, Gehrels GE, Brachfeld SA, Goldstein SLet al., 2014,

    A comparison of detrital U-Pb zircon, 40Ar/39Ar hornblende, 40Ar/39Ar biotite ages in marine sediments off East Antarctica: Implications for the geology of subglacial terrains and provenance studies

    , EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS, Vol: 138, Pages: 156-178, ISSN: 0012-8252
  • Journal article
    Vitolo C, 2014,

    Web technologies for environmental Big Data

    , Environmental Modelling & Software, Vol: 63, Pages: 185-198, ISSN: 1364-8152

    Recent evolutions in computing science and web technology provide the environmental community with continuously expanding resources for data collection and analysis that pose unprecedented challenges to the design of analysis methods, workflows, and interaction with data sets. In the light of the recent UK Research Council funded Environmental Virtual Observatory pilot project, this paper gives an overview of currently available implementations related to web-based technologies for processing large and heterogeneous datasets and discuss their relevance within the context of environmental data processing, simulation and prediction. We found that, the processing of the simple datasets used in the pilot proved to be relatively straightforward using a combination of R, RPy2, PyWPS and PostgreSQL. However, the use of NoSQL databases and more versatile frameworks such as OGC standard based implementations may provide a wider and more flexible set of features that particularly facilitate working with larger volumes and more heterogeneous data sources.
  • Journal article
    Wang H, Prentice IC, Davis TW, 2014,

    Biophysical constraints on gross primary production by the terrestrial biosphere

    , Biogeosciences, Vol: 11, Pages: 5987-6001, ISSN: 1726-4170

    Persistent divergences among the predictions of complex carbon-cycle models include differences in the sign as well as the magnitude of the response of global terrestrial primary production to climate change. Such problems with current models indicate an urgent need to reassess the principles underlying the environmental controls of primary production. The global patterns of annual and maximum monthly terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) by C3 plants are explored here using a simple first-principles model based on the light-use efficiency formalism and the Farquhar model for C3 photosynthesis. The model is driven by incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and remotely sensed green-vegetation cover, with additional constraints imposed by low-temperature inhibition and CO2 limitation. The ratio of leaf-internal to ambient CO2 concentration in the model responds to growing-season mean temperature, atmospheric dryness (indexed by the cumulative water deficit, Δ E) and elevation, based on an optimality theory. The greatest annual GPP is predicted for tropical moist forests, but the maximum (summer) monthly GPP can be as high, or higher, in boreal or temperate forests. These findings are supported by a new analysis of CO2 flux measurements. The explanation is simply based on the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of PAR combined with the physiology of photosynthesis. By successively imposing biophysical constraints, it is shown that partial vegetation cover – driven primarily by water shortage – represents the largest constraint on global GPP.
  • Journal article
    Wang H, Prentice I C, Davis TW, 2014,

    Biophysical constraints on gross primary production by the terrestrial biosphere

    , Biogeosciences, Vol: 11, Pages: 5987-6001, ISSN: 1726-4189

    Persistent divergences among the predictions of complex carbon-cycle models include differences in the sign as well as the magnitude of the response of global terrestrial primary production to climate change. Such problems with current models indicate an urgent need to reassess the principles underlying the environmental controls of primary production. The global patterns of annual and maximum monthly terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) by C3 plants are explored here using a simple first-principles model based on the light-use efficiency formalism and the Farquhar model for C3 photosynthesis. The model is driven by incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and remotely sensed green-vegetation cover, with additional constraints imposed by low-temperature inhibition and CO2 limitation. The ratio of leaf-internal to ambient CO2 concentration in the model responds to growing-season mean temperature, atmospheric dryness (indexed by the cumulative water deficit, Δ E) and elevation, based on an optimality theory. The greatest annual GPP is predicted for tropical moist forests, but the maximum (summer) monthly GPP can be as high, or higher, in boreal or temperate forests. These findings are supported by a new analysis of CO2 flux measurements. The explanation is simply based on the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of PAR combined with the physiology of photosynthesis. By successively imposing biophysical constraints, it is shown that partial vegetation cover – driven primarily by water shortage – represents the largest constraint on global GPP.

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