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  • Software
    Jacobs CT, Piggott MD, 2014,

    Firedrake-Fluids
  • Journal article
    Mozaffarian D, Fahimi S, Singh GM, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Engell RE, Lim S, Danaei G, Ezzati M, Powles Jet al., 2014,

    Global Sodium Consumption and Death from Cardiovascular Causes

    , NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, Vol: 371, Pages: 624-634, ISSN: 0028-4793
  • Journal article
    Borgomeo E, Hebditch KV, Whittaker AC, Lonergan Let al., 2014,

    Characterising the spatial distribution, frequency and geomorphic controls on landslide occurrence, Molise, Italy

    , Geomorphology, Vol: 226, Pages: 148-161
  • Conference paper
    Boot-Handford ME, Florin NH, Kandiyoti R, Fennell PSet al., 2014,

    Assessing the suitability of different biomass feedstocks for processing via gasification

    , 248th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS), ISSN: 0065-7727
  • Conference paper
    Gschwend FJV, Hallett JP, Fennell PS, 2014,

    Towards a cost efficient production of fuels from lignocellulosic biomass using ionic liquids

    , 248th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS), Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, ISSN: 0065-7727
  • Journal article
    Hannon M, Skea J, 2014,

    UK innovation support for energy demand reduction

    , Proceedings of the ICE - Energy
  • Journal article
    Milner-Gulland EJ, Bull JW, Milner-Gulland EJ, Suttle KB, Singh NJet al., 2014,

    Comparing biodiversity offset calculation methods with a case study in Uzbekistan

    , Biological Conservation, Vol: 178, Pages: 2-10, ISSN: 0006-3207
  • Journal article
    Martin R, Muûls M, de Preux LB, Wagner UJet al., 2014,

    Industry compensation under relocation risk: a firm-level analysis of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme

    , The American Economic Review, Vol: 104, Pages: 2482-2508, ISSN: 0002-8282

    When regulated firms are offered compensation to prevent them from relocating, efficiency requires that payments be distributed across firms so as to equalize marginal relocation probabilities, weighted by the damage caused by relocation. We formalize this fundamental economic logic and apply it to analyzing compensation rules proposed under the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, where emission permits are allocated free of charge to carbon intensive and trade exposed industries. We show that this practice results in substantial overcompensation for given carbon leakage risk. Efficient permit allocation reduces the aggregate risk of job loss by more than half without increasing aggregate compensation.
  • Book chapter
    Ekins-Daukes NJ, Nelson J, 2014,

    Quantum Well Solar Cells

    , Clean Electricity from Photovoltaics, Editors: Green, Archer, Publisher: Imperial College Press, ISBN: 9781848167674

    The second edition of Clean Electricity from Photovoltaics, first published in 2001, provides an updated account of the underlying science, technology and market prospects for photovoltaics.
  • Journal article
    Harrison SP, Bartlein PJ, Brewer S, Prentice IC, Boyd M, Hessler I, Holmgren K, Izumi K, Willis Ket al., 2014,

    Climate model benchmarking with glacial and mid-Holocene climates

    , CLIMATE DYNAMICS, Vol: 43, Pages: 671-688, ISSN: 0930-7575
  • Journal article
    Mac Dowell N, Shah N, 2014,

    Dynamic modelling and analysis of a coal-fired power plant integrated with a novel split-flow configuration post-combustion CO₂ capture process

    , International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Vol: 27, Pages: 103-119, ISSN: 1750-5836

    We present a model of a coal-fired power plant integrated with a dynamic model of a monoethanolamine (MEA)-based post-combustion CO₂ capture process. We evaluate base- and part-load operating modes of the integrated power and CO₂ capture plant. We propose a simple modification to the base-process which exploits the tradeoff between thermodynamic and rate or kinetic driving forces for mass transfer. This modification returns a portion of the regenerated solvent to the middle of the absorption column at an elevated temperature. Under base-load operation of the power plant, this modification was observed to increase the degree of CO₂ capture by 9.9% and reduce the reboiler duty by 8.3%, improving the net electrical efficiency of the decarbonised power plant from 28.27% to 29.15% - a relative increase of 2.8%. Under part-load operation, the degree of CO₂ capture increased by 1% with a concurrent reduction in reboiler duty of 16.7% and an increase in overall process efficiency of 3.25%
  • Journal article
    Vineis P, Stringhini S, Porta M, 2014,

    The environmental roots of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and the epigenetic impacts of globalization

    , ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, Vol: 133, Pages: 424-430, ISSN: 0013-9351
  • Journal article
    Foster T, Brozovic N, Butler AP, 2014,

    Modeling irrigation behavior in groundwater systems

    , WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, Vol: 50, Pages: 6370-6389, ISSN: 0043-1397
  • Journal article
    Bond T, Mokhtar Kamal NH, Bonnisseau T, Templeton MRet al., 2014,

    Disinfection by-product formation from the chlorination and chloramination of amines

    , Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol: 278, Pages: 288-296, ISSN: 0304-3894
  • Conference paper
    Philbin SP, Jones D, Brandon NP, Hawkes ADet al., 2014,

    Exploring Research Institutes: Structures, Functioning and Typology

    , Proceedings of PICMET'14 (Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology) Conference, Kanazawa, Japan
  • Journal article
    Lakeman-Fraser P, Ewers RM, 2014,

    Untangling interactions: do temperature and habitat fragmentation gradients simultaneously impact biotic relationships?

    , PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, Vol: 281, ISSN: 0962-8452
  • Conference paper
    Cotter CJ, McRae ATT, 2014,

    Compatible finite elements for numerical weather prediction

    , ECMWF Annual Seminar
  • Journal article
    Dattani R, Bannock JH, Fei Z, MacKenzie RCI, Guilbert AAY, Vezie MS, Nelson J, de Mello JC, Heeney M, Cabral JT, Nedoma AJet al., 2014,

    A general mechanism for controlling thin film structures in all-conjugated block copolymer: fullerene blends

    , JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A, Vol: 2, Pages: 14711-14719, ISSN: 2050-7488
  • Journal article
    Saini PK, Romain C, Zhu Y, Williams CKet al., 2014,

    Di-magnesium and zinc catalysts for the copolymerization of phthalic anhydride and cyclohexene oxide

    , Polymer Chemistry, Vol: 5, Pages: 6068-6075, ISSN: 1759-9962

    Two new homogeneous dinuclear catalysts for the ring-opening copolymerization of phthalic anhydride (PA)/cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and the terpolymerization of phthalic anhydride (PA)/cyclohexene oxide (CHO)/carbon dioxide (CO2) are reported. The catalysts are a di-magnesium (1) and a di-zinc complex (2), both are coordinated by the same macrocyclic ancillary ligand. Both catalysts show good polymerization control and activity (TOF = 97 (1) and 24 (2) h−1), with the di-magnesium complex (1) being approximately four times faster compared to the di-zinc (2) analogue. Their relative reactivity is closely related to that observed for well documented chromium salen/porphyrin catalysts. However, these results represent the first example of a well-defined magnesium catalyst which may be advantageous in terms of obviating use of co-catalysts, low cost, lack of colour and redox chemistry.
  • Journal article
    Skaugen T, Onof C, 2014,

    A rainfall-runoff model parameterized from GIS and runoff data

    , HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Vol: 28, Pages: 4529-4542, ISSN: 0885-6087
  • Journal article
    Hawkes AD, 2014,

    Long-run marginal CO<sub>2</sub> emissions factors in national electricity systems

    , APPLIED ENERGY, Vol: 125, Pages: 197-205, ISSN: 0306-2619
  • Journal article
    Zaccone C, Rein G, D'Orazio V, Hadden RM, Belcher CM, Miano TMet al., 2014,

    Smouldering fire signatures in peat and their implications for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions

    , GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA, Vol: 137, Pages: 134-146, ISSN: 0016-7037
  • Journal article
    Duboviks V, Maher RC, Kishimoto M, Cohen LF, Brandon NP, Offer GJet al., 2014,

    A Raman spectroscopic study of the carbon deposition mechanism on Ni/CGO electrodes during CO/CO2 electrolysis

    , PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS, Vol: 16, Pages: 13063-13068, ISSN: 1463-9076
  • Journal article
    Villar Garcia IJ, Fearn S, De Gregorio GF, Ismail NL, Gschwend FJV, McIntosh AJS, Lovelock KRJet al., 2014,

    The outer atomic ionic liquid-gas surface: a low energy ion scattering study

    , Chemical Science
  • Journal article
    Bakewell C, White AJP, Long NJ, Williams CKet al., 2014,

    Metal-Size Influence in Iso-Selective Lactide Polymerization

    , Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, Vol: 53, Pages: 9226-9230, ISSN: 1521-3773

    Iso-selective initiators for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of rac-lactide are rare outside of Group 13. We describe the first examples of highly iso-selective lutetium initiators. The phosphasalen lutetium ethoxide complex shows excellent iso-selectivity, with a Pi value of 0.81–0.84 at 298 K, excellent rates, and high degrees of polymerization control. Conversely, the corresponding La derivative exhibits moderate heteroselectivity (Ps=0.74, 298 K). Thus, the choice of metal center is shown to be crucial in determining the level and mode of stereocontrol. The relative order of rates for the series of complexes is inversely related to metallic covalent radius: that is, La>Y>Lu.
  • Journal article
    Navarro-Ortega A, Acuna V, Bellin A, Burek P, Cassiani G, Choukr-Allah R, Doledec S, Elosegi A, Ferrari F, Ginebreda A, Grathwohl P, Jones C, Rault PK, Kok K, Koundouri P, Ludwig RP, Merz R, Milacic R, Munoz I, Nikulin G, Paniconi C, Paunovic M, Petrovic M, Sabater L, Sabater S, Skoulikidis NT, Slob A, Teutsch G, Voulvoulis N, Barcelo Det al., 2014,

    Managing the effects of multiple stressors on aquatic ecosystems under water scarcity. The GLOBAQUA project

    , Science of the Total Environment, Vol: 503-504, Pages: 3-9, ISSN: 0048-9697

    Water scarcity is a serious environmental problem in many European regions, and will likely increase in the near future as a consequence of increased abstraction and climate change. Water scarcity exacerbates the effects of multiple stressors, and thus results in decreased water quality. It impacts river ecosystems, threatens the services they provide, and it will force managers and policy-makers to change their current practices. The EU-FP7 project GLOBAQUA aims at identifying the prevalence, interaction and linkages between stressors, and to assess their effects on the chemical and ecological status of freshwater ecosystems in order to improve water management practice and policies. GLOBAQUA assembles a multidisciplinary team of 21 European plus 2 non-European scientific institutions, as well as water authorities and river basin managers. The project includes experts in hydrology, chemistry, biology, geomorphology, modelling, socio-economics, governance science, knowledge brokerage, and policy advocacy. GLOBAQUA studies six river basins (Ebro, Adige, Sava, Evrotas, Anglian and Souss Massa) affected by water scarcity, and aims to answer the following questions: how does water scarcity interact with other existing stressors in the study river basins? How will these interactions change according to the different scenarios of future global change? Which will be the foreseeable consequences for river ecosystems? How will these in turn affect the services the ecosystems provide? How should management and policies be adapted to minimise the ecological, economic and societal consequences? These questions will be approached by combining data-mining, field- and laboratory-based research, and modelling. Here, we outline the general structure of the project and the activities to be conducted within the fourteen work-packages of GLOBAQUA.
  • Journal article
    Speirs J, Contestabile M, Houari Y, Gross Ret al., 2014,

    The future of lithium availability for electric vehicle batteries

    , Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol: 35, Pages: 183-193, ISSN: 1364-0321

    Electric vehicles using lithium batteries could significantly reduce the emissions associated with road vehicle transport. However, the future availability of lithium is uncertain, and the feasibility of manufacturing lithium batteries at sufficient scale has been questioned. The levels of lithium demand growth implied by electric vehicle deployment scenarios is significant, particularly where scenarios are consistent with global GHG reduction targets. This paper examines the question of future lithium availability for the manufacturing of lithium batteries for electric vehicles.In this paper we first examine some of the existing literature in this area, highlighting the levels of future lithium demand previously considered and pointing to the variables that give rise to the range of outcomes in these assessments. We then investigate the ways in which lithium availability is calculated in the literature based on both lithium demand from electric vehicles and lithium supply from both brines and ore.This paper particularly focuses on the key variables needed to make an assessment of future lithium availability. On the demand side, these variables include future market size of electric vehicles, their average battery capacity and the material intensity of the batteries. The key supply variables include global reserve and resource estimates, forecast production and recyclability.We found that the literature informing assumptions regarding the key variables is characterised by significant uncertainty. This uncertainty gives rise to a wide range of estimates for the future demand for lithium based on scenarios consistent with as 50% reduction in global emissions by 2050 at between 184,000 and 989,000 t of lithium per year in 2050. However, lithium production is forecast to grow to between 75,000 and 110,000 t per year by 2020. Under this rate of production growth, it is plausible that lithium supply will meet increasing lithium demand over the coming decades to 2050.
  • Journal article
    Foster PN, Prentice IC, Morfopoulos C, Siddall M, van Weele Met al., 2014,

    Isoprene emissions track the seasonal cycle of canopy temperature, not primary production: evidence from remote sensing

    , Biogeosciences, Vol: 11, Pages: 3437-3451, ISSN: 1726-4170

    Isoprene is important in atmospheric chemistry, but its seasonal emission pattern – especially in the tropics, where most isoprene is emitted – is incompletely understood. We set out to discover generalized relationships applicable across many biomes between large-scale isoprene emission and a series of potential predictor variables, including both observed and model-estimated variables related to gross primary production (GPP) and canopy temperature. We used remotely sensed atmospheric concentrations of formaldehyde, an intermediate oxidation product of isoprene, as a proxy for isoprene emission in 22 regions selected to span high to low latitudes, to sample major biomes, and to minimize interference from pyrogenic sources of volatile organic compounds that could interfere with the isoprene signal. Formaldehyde concentrations showed the highest average seasonal correlations with remotely sensed (r = 0.85) and model-estimated (r = 0.80) canopy temperatures. Both variables predicted formaldehyde concentrations better than air temperature (r= 0.56) and a "reference" isoprene model that combines GPP and an exponential function of temperature (r = 0.49), and far better than either remotely sensed green vegetation cover, fPAR (r = 0.25) or model-estimated GPP (r = 0.14). Gross primary production in tropical regions was anti-correlated with formaldehyde concentration (r = −0.30), which peaks during the dry season. Our results were most reliable in the tropics, where formaldehyde observational errors were the least. The tropics are of particular interest because they are the greatest source of isoprene emission as well as the region where previous modelling attempts have been least successful. We conjecture that positive correlations of isoprene emission with GPP and air temperature (as found in temperate forests) may arise simply because both covary with canopy temperature, peaking during the relatively short growing season. The lack of a gener
  • Journal article
    Velis CA, Franco-Salinas C, O'Sullivan C, Najorka J, Boccaccini AR, Cheeseman CRet al., 2014,

    Up-cycling waste glass to minimal water adsorption/absorption lightweight aggregate by rapid low temperature sintering: optimization by dual process-mixture response surface methodology

    , Environmental Science and Technology (Washington), Vol: 48, Pages: 7527-7535, ISSN: 0013-936X

    Mixed color waste glass extracted from municipal solid waste is either not recycled, in which case it is an environmental and financial liability, or it is used in relatively low value applications such as normal weight aggregate. Here, we report on converting it into a novel glass-ceramic lightweight aggregate (LWA), potentially suitable for high added value applications in structural concrete (upcycling). The artificial LWA particles were formed by rapidly sintering (<10 min) waste glass powder with clay mixes using sodium silicate as binder and borate salt as flux. Composition and processing were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) modeling, and specifically (i) a combined process-mixture dual RSM, and (ii) multiobjective optimization functions. The optimization considered raw materials and energy costs. Mineralogical and physical transformations occur during sintering and a cellular vesicular glass-ceramic composite microstructure is formed, with strong correlations existing between bloating/shrinkage during sintering, density and water adsorption/absorption. The diametrical expansion could be effectively modeled via the RSM and controlled to meet a wide range of specifications; here we optimized for LWA structural concrete. The optimally designed LWA is sintered in comparatively low temperatures (825–835 °C), thus potentially saving costs and lowering emissions; it had exceptionally low water adsorption/absorption (6.1–7.2% w/wd; optimization target: 1.5–7.5% w/wd); while remaining substantially lightweight (density: 1.24–1.28 g.cm–3; target: 0.9–1.3 g.cm–3). This is a considerable advancement for designing effective environmentally friendly lightweight concrete constructions, and boosting resource efficiency of waste glass flows.
  • Journal article
    Manovic V, Fennell P, 2014,

    EJ Anthony honor issue

    , FUEL, Vol: 127, Pages: 1-3, ISSN: 0016-2361

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