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  • Journal article
    Bakewell C, White AJP, Long NJ, Williams CKet al., 2014,

    Metal-Size Influence in Iso-Selective Lactide Polymerization

    , Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, Vol: 53, Pages: 9226-9230, ISSN: 1521-3773

    Iso-selective initiators for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of rac-lactide are rare outside of Group 13. We describe the first examples of highly iso-selective lutetium initiators. The phosphasalen lutetium ethoxide complex shows excellent iso-selectivity, with a Pi value of 0.81–0.84 at 298 K, excellent rates, and high degrees of polymerization control. Conversely, the corresponding La derivative exhibits moderate heteroselectivity (Ps=0.74, 298 K). Thus, the choice of metal center is shown to be crucial in determining the level and mode of stereocontrol. The relative order of rates for the series of complexes is inversely related to metallic covalent radius: that is, La>Y>Lu.
  • Journal article
    Navarro-Ortega A, Acuna V, Bellin A, Burek P, Cassiani G, Choukr-Allah R, Doledec S, Elosegi A, Ferrari F, Ginebreda A, Grathwohl P, Jones C, Rault PK, Kok K, Koundouri P, Ludwig RP, Merz R, Milacic R, Munoz I, Nikulin G, Paniconi C, Paunovic M, Petrovic M, Sabater L, Sabater S, Skoulikidis NT, Slob A, Teutsch G, Voulvoulis N, Barcelo Det al., 2014,

    Managing the effects of multiple stressors on aquatic ecosystems under water scarcity. The GLOBAQUA project

    , Science of the Total Environment, Vol: 503-504, Pages: 3-9, ISSN: 0048-9697

    Water scarcity is a serious environmental problem in many European regions, and will likely increase in the near future as a consequence of increased abstraction and climate change. Water scarcity exacerbates the effects of multiple stressors, and thus results in decreased water quality. It impacts river ecosystems, threatens the services they provide, and it will force managers and policy-makers to change their current practices. The EU-FP7 project GLOBAQUA aims at identifying the prevalence, interaction and linkages between stressors, and to assess their effects on the chemical and ecological status of freshwater ecosystems in order to improve water management practice and policies. GLOBAQUA assembles a multidisciplinary team of 21 European plus 2 non-European scientific institutions, as well as water authorities and river basin managers. The project includes experts in hydrology, chemistry, biology, geomorphology, modelling, socio-economics, governance science, knowledge brokerage, and policy advocacy. GLOBAQUA studies six river basins (Ebro, Adige, Sava, Evrotas, Anglian and Souss Massa) affected by water scarcity, and aims to answer the following questions: how does water scarcity interact with other existing stressors in the study river basins? How will these interactions change according to the different scenarios of future global change? Which will be the foreseeable consequences for river ecosystems? How will these in turn affect the services the ecosystems provide? How should management and policies be adapted to minimise the ecological, economic and societal consequences? These questions will be approached by combining data-mining, field- and laboratory-based research, and modelling. Here, we outline the general structure of the project and the activities to be conducted within the fourteen work-packages of GLOBAQUA.
  • Journal article
    Speirs J, Contestabile M, Houari Y, Gross Ret al., 2014,

    The future of lithium availability for electric vehicle batteries

    , Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol: 35, Pages: 183-193, ISSN: 1364-0321

    Electric vehicles using lithium batteries could significantly reduce the emissions associated with road vehicle transport. However, the future availability of lithium is uncertain, and the feasibility of manufacturing lithium batteries at sufficient scale has been questioned. The levels of lithium demand growth implied by electric vehicle deployment scenarios is significant, particularly where scenarios are consistent with global GHG reduction targets. This paper examines the question of future lithium availability for the manufacturing of lithium batteries for electric vehicles.In this paper we first examine some of the existing literature in this area, highlighting the levels of future lithium demand previously considered and pointing to the variables that give rise to the range of outcomes in these assessments. We then investigate the ways in which lithium availability is calculated in the literature based on both lithium demand from electric vehicles and lithium supply from both brines and ore.This paper particularly focuses on the key variables needed to make an assessment of future lithium availability. On the demand side, these variables include future market size of electric vehicles, their average battery capacity and the material intensity of the batteries. The key supply variables include global reserve and resource estimates, forecast production and recyclability.We found that the literature informing assumptions regarding the key variables is characterised by significant uncertainty. This uncertainty gives rise to a wide range of estimates for the future demand for lithium based on scenarios consistent with as 50% reduction in global emissions by 2050 at between 184,000 and 989,000 t of lithium per year in 2050. However, lithium production is forecast to grow to between 75,000 and 110,000 t per year by 2020. Under this rate of production growth, it is plausible that lithium supply will meet increasing lithium demand over the coming decades to 2050.
  • Journal article
    Foster PN, Prentice IC, Morfopoulos C, Siddall M, van Weele Met al., 2014,

    Isoprene emissions track the seasonal cycle of canopy temperature, not primary production: evidence from remote sensing

    , Biogeosciences, Vol: 11, Pages: 3437-3451, ISSN: 1726-4170

    Isoprene is important in atmospheric chemistry, but its seasonal emission pattern – especially in the tropics, where most isoprene is emitted – is incompletely understood. We set out to discover generalized relationships applicable across many biomes between large-scale isoprene emission and a series of potential predictor variables, including both observed and model-estimated variables related to gross primary production (GPP) and canopy temperature. We used remotely sensed atmospheric concentrations of formaldehyde, an intermediate oxidation product of isoprene, as a proxy for isoprene emission in 22 regions selected to span high to low latitudes, to sample major biomes, and to minimize interference from pyrogenic sources of volatile organic compounds that could interfere with the isoprene signal. Formaldehyde concentrations showed the highest average seasonal correlations with remotely sensed (r = 0.85) and model-estimated (r = 0.80) canopy temperatures. Both variables predicted formaldehyde concentrations better than air temperature (r= 0.56) and a "reference" isoprene model that combines GPP and an exponential function of temperature (r = 0.49), and far better than either remotely sensed green vegetation cover, fPAR (r = 0.25) or model-estimated GPP (r = 0.14). Gross primary production in tropical regions was anti-correlated with formaldehyde concentration (r = −0.30), which peaks during the dry season. Our results were most reliable in the tropics, where formaldehyde observational errors were the least. The tropics are of particular interest because they are the greatest source of isoprene emission as well as the region where previous modelling attempts have been least successful. We conjecture that positive correlations of isoprene emission with GPP and air temperature (as found in temperate forests) may arise simply because both covary with canopy temperature, peaking during the relatively short growing season. The lack of a gener
  • Journal article
    Velis CA, Franco-Salinas C, O'Sullivan C, Najorka J, Boccaccini AR, Cheeseman CRet al., 2014,

    Up-cycling waste glass to minimal water adsorption/absorption lightweight aggregate by rapid low temperature sintering: optimization by dual process-mixture response surface methodology

    , Environmental Science and Technology (Washington), Vol: 48, Pages: 7527-7535, ISSN: 0013-936X

    Mixed color waste glass extracted from municipal solid waste is either not recycled, in which case it is an environmental and financial liability, or it is used in relatively low value applications such as normal weight aggregate. Here, we report on converting it into a novel glass-ceramic lightweight aggregate (LWA), potentially suitable for high added value applications in structural concrete (upcycling). The artificial LWA particles were formed by rapidly sintering (<10 min) waste glass powder with clay mixes using sodium silicate as binder and borate salt as flux. Composition and processing were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) modeling, and specifically (i) a combined process-mixture dual RSM, and (ii) multiobjective optimization functions. The optimization considered raw materials and energy costs. Mineralogical and physical transformations occur during sintering and a cellular vesicular glass-ceramic composite microstructure is formed, with strong correlations existing between bloating/shrinkage during sintering, density and water adsorption/absorption. The diametrical expansion could be effectively modeled via the RSM and controlled to meet a wide range of specifications; here we optimized for LWA structural concrete. The optimally designed LWA is sintered in comparatively low temperatures (825–835 °C), thus potentially saving costs and lowering emissions; it had exceptionally low water adsorption/absorption (6.1–7.2% w/wd; optimization target: 1.5–7.5% w/wd); while remaining substantially lightweight (density: 1.24–1.28 g.cm–3; target: 0.9–1.3 g.cm–3). This is a considerable advancement for designing effective environmentally friendly lightweight concrete constructions, and boosting resource efficiency of waste glass flows.
  • Journal article
    Manovic V, Fennell P, 2014,

    EJ Anthony honor issue

    , FUEL, Vol: 127, Pages: 1-3, ISSN: 0016-2361
  • Journal article
    Bell RE, Holden C, Power W, Wang X, Downes Get al., 2014,

    Hikurangi margin tsunami earthquake generated by slow seismic rupture over a subducted seamount

    , Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol: 397, Pages: 1-9, ISSN: 0012-821X

    Tsunami earthquakes generate much larger tsunami than their surface wave magnitude would suggest and are a problem for tsunami warning systems. They are often not accompanied by intense or even strong ground shaking and hence do not provide a natural warning for self-evacuation. The lesser-known 1947 Offshore Poverty Bay and Tolaga Bay earthquakes along the east coast of the North Island, New Zealand share many characteristics with other well-known tsunami earthquakes (including low amplitude shaking, long durations and anomalously large tsunami), however these two New Zealand events are rare in that their source area has been imaged directly by long-offset 2D seismic reflection profiles. In this contribution we propose a source model for the 1947 Offshore Poverty Bay tsunami earthquake, recognising that the hypocentre occurs in a region where seismic reflection and magnetic data support the existence of a shallow (<10 km) subducted seamount updip of an area that experiences slow slip events. We propose a fault source model for the 1947 Offshore Poverty Bay event with two potential slip scenarios: i) uniform slip of 2.6 m across the fault; or ii) variable slip with slip of up to 5–6 m in the region of a more strongly geodetically coupled subducted seamount. Both the uniform and variable slip models require an unusually low rupture velocity of 150–300 m/s in order to model regional and teleseismic seismograms. Tsunami modelling shows that tsunami run-up heights are more than doubled when low rupture speeds of 150–300 m/s are employed, rather than assuming instantaneous rupture. This study suggests that subducted topography can cause the nucleation of up to earthquakes with complex, low velocity rupture scenarios that enhance tsunami waves, and their role in seismic hazard should not be under-estimated.
  • Journal article
    Singh K, Oates C, Plant J, Voulvoulis Net al., 2014,

    Undisclosed chemicals - implications for risk assessment: A case study from the mining industry

    , Environment International, Vol: 68, Pages: 1-15, ISSN: 0160-4120

    Many of the chemicals used in industry can be hazardous to human health and the environment, and some formu-lations can have undisclosed ingredients and hazards, increasing the uncertainty of the risks posed by their use. Theneed for a better understanding of the extent of undisclosedinformation in chemicals arose from collecting data onthe hazards and exposures of chemicals used in typical mining operations (copper, platinum and coal). Four maincategories of undisclosed chemicals were defined (incomplete disclosure; chemicals with unspecific identities; rel-ative quantities of ingredients not stated; and trade secret ingredients) by reviewing material safety data sheet(MSDS) omissions in previous studies. A significant number of chemicals (20% of 957 different chemicals) acrossthe three sites had a range of undisclosed information, with majority of the chemicals (39%) having unspecificiden-tities. The majority of undisclosed information was found in commercially available motor oils followed by cleaningproducts and mechanical maintenance products, as opposed to reagents critical to the main mining processes. Allthree types of chemicals had trade secrets, unspecific chemical identities and incomplete disclosures. These typesof undisclosed information pose a hindrance to a full understanding of the hazards, which is made worse whencombined with additional MSDS omissions such as acute toxicity endpoints (LD50) and/or acute aquatic toxicityendpoints (LC50), as well as inadequate hazard classifications of ingredients. The communication of the hazard in-formation in the MSDSs varied according to the chemical type, the manufacturer and the regulations governing theMSDSs. Undisclosed information can undermine occupational health protection, compromise the safety of workersin industry, hinder risk assessment procedures and cause uncertainty about future health. It comes down to theduty of care that industries have towards their employees. With a wide range of chemicals incr
  • Journal article
    Morfopoulos C, Sperlich D, Penuelas J, Filella I, Llusia J, Medlyn BE, Niinemets U, Possell M, Sun Z, Prentice ICet al., 2014,

    A model of plant isoprene emission based on available reducing power captures responses to atmospheric CO2

    , New Phytologist, Vol: 203, Pages: 125-139, ISSN: 0028-646X

    We present a unifying model for isoprene emission by photosynthesizing leaves based on the hypothesis that isoprene biosynthesis depends on a balance between the supply of photosynthetic reducing power and the demands of carbon fixation.We compared the predictions from our model, as well as from two other widely used models, with measurements of isoprene emission from leaves of Populus nigra and hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × P. tremuloides) in response to changes in leaf internal CO2 concentration (Ci) and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) under diverse ambient CO2 concentrations (Ca).Our model reproduces the observed changes in isoprene emissions with Ci and PPFD, and also reproduces the tendency for the fraction of fixed carbon allocated to isoprene to increase with increasing PPFD. It also provides a simple mechanism for the previously unexplained decrease in the quantum efficiency of isoprene emission with increasing Ca.Experimental and modelled results support our hypothesis. Our model can reproduce the key features of the observations and has the potential to improve process‐based modelling of isoprene emissions by land vegetation at the ecosystem and global scales.
  • Journal article
    Howey DA, Mitcheson PD, Yufit V, Offer GJ, Brandon NPet al., 2014,

    Online measurement of battery impedance using motor controller excitation

    , IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol: 63, Pages: 2557-2566, ISSN: 0018-9545

    This paper presents a fast cost-effective technique for the measurement of battery impedance online in an application such as an electric or hybrid vehicle. Impedance measurements on lithium-ion batteries between 1 Hz and 2 kHz give information about the electrochemical reactions within a cell, which relates to the state of charge (SOC), internal temperature, and state of health (SOH). We concentrate on the development of a measurement system for impedance that, for the first time, uses an excitation current generated by a motor controller. Using simple electronics to amplify and filter the voltage and current, we demonstrate accurate impedance measurements obtained with both multisine and noise excitation signals, achieving RMS magnitude measurement uncertainties between 1.9% and 5.8%, in comparison to a high-accuracy laboratory impedance analyzer. Achieving this requires calibration of the measurement circuits, including measurement of the inductance of the current sense resistor. A statistical correlation approach is used to extract the impedance information from the measured voltage and current signals in the presence of noise, allowing a wide range of excitation signals to be used. Finally, we also discuss the implementation challenges of an SOC estimation system based on impedance.
  • Journal article
    Dani KGS, Jamie IM, Prentice IC, Atwell BJet al., 2014,

    Evolution of isoprene emission capacity in plants

    , TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE, Vol: 19, Pages: 439-446, ISSN: 1360-1385
  • Journal article
    Sena CM, John CM, Jourdan A-L, Vandeginste V, Manning Cet al., 2014,

    DOLOMITIZATION OF LOWER CRETACEOUS PERITIDAL CARBONATES BY MODIFIED SEAWATER: CONSTRAINTS FROM CLUMPED ISOTOPIC PALEOTHERMOMETRY, ELEMENTAL CHEMISTRY, AND STRONTIUM ISOTOPES

    , JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH, Vol: 84, Pages: 552-566, ISSN: 1527-1404
  • Journal article
    Lauridsen RB, Edwards FK, Cross WF, Woodward G, Hildrew AG, Jones JIet al., 2014,

    Consequences of inferring diet from feeding guilds when estimating and interpreting consumer-resource stoichiometry

    , FRESHWATER BIOLOGY, Vol: 59, Pages: 1497-1508, ISSN: 0046-5070
  • Journal article
    Exbrayat J-F, Buytaert W, Timbe E, Windhorst D, Breuer Let al., 2014,

    Addressing sources of uncertainty in runoff projections for a data scarce catchment in the Ecuadorian Andes

    , CLIMATIC CHANGE, Vol: 125, Pages: 221-235, ISSN: 0165-0009
  • Journal article
    Cao T, Xu L, Yang M, Martinez-Botas RFet al., 2014,

    Radial Turbine Rotor Response to Pulsating Inlet Flows

    , JOURNAL OF TURBOMACHINERY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME, Vol: 136, ISSN: 0889-504X
  • Journal article
    Onof C, Schulting D, 2014,

    Kant, Kastner and the Distinction between Metaphysical and Geometric Space

    , KANTIAN REVIEW, Vol: 19, Pages: 285-304, ISSN: 1369-4154
  • Journal article
    Honsbein A, Madsen MA, Amezaga JM, Biggs CA, Bond T, Gandy CJ, Karunakaran E, Lawton L, Minas K, Templeton MR, Amtmann Aet al., 2014,

    ’Biodesalination’: a synthetic biology approach for the use of photosynthetic bacteria in water treatment

    , New Biotechnology, Vol: 31, Pages: S140-S141, ISSN: 1871-6784
  • Journal article
    Robinson LF, Adkins JF, Frank N, Gagnon AC, Prouty NG, Roark EB, van de Flierdt Tet al., 2014,

    The geochemistry of deep-sea coral skeletons: A review of vital effects and applications for palaeoceanography (vol 99, pg 184, 2014)

    , DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY, Vol: 105, Pages: 118-118, ISSN: 0967-0645
  • Journal article
    Xu LJ, Chu W, Graham N, 2014,

    Atrazine degradation using chemical-free process of USUV: Analysis of the micro-heterogeneous environments and the degradation mechanisms

    , JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, Vol: 275, Pages: 166-174, ISSN: 0304-3894
  • Journal article
    Howard-Grenville J, Buckle SJ, Hoskins BJ, George Get al., 2014,

    CLIMATE CHANGE AND MANAGEMENT

    , Academy of Management Journal, Vol: 57, Pages: 615-623

    Climate change is one of the greatest challenges we confront in the 21st century. On current trends, by the end of the century, the warming effect of our greenhouse gas emissions will have taken us far away from pre-industrial climatic conditions. In fact, our climate will be as different from pre-industrial conditions as it was when the Earth emerged from the last ice age some 20,000 years ago. In other words, just over 200 years of human and industrial activity will have wrought fundamental change to our climate system. The rise of organizations and industrialized productionhas set us on this path, yet organizations are equally critical to mitigating and adapting to climate change. Understanding the science and policy of climate change, and the ways in which the associated issues are shaped by and shape the subjects of our attention, is therefore of great importance to management scholars.
  • Conference paper
    Hawkes AD, 2014,

    The taxonomy of energy systems modelling

    , Energy Systems Conference
  • Journal article
    Ruiz-Trejo E, Boldrin P, Lubin A, Tariq F, Fearn S, Chater R, Cook SN, Gruar RI, Tighe CJ, Brandon NP, Darr J, Atkinson Aet al., 2014,

    Novel Composite Cermet for Low-Metal-Content Oxygen Separation Membranes

    , Chemistry of Materials
  • Journal article
    Mawhood R, Gross R, 2014,

    Institutional barriers to a ‘perfect’ policy: a case study of the Senegalese Rural Electrification Action Plan

    , Energy Policy, Vol: 73, Pages: 480-490, ISSN: 1873-6777

    This paper investigates the political and institutional factors that have influenced the success of the Senegalese Rural Electrification Action Plan (Plan d’Action Sénégalais d’Électrification Rurale, PASER). PASER is of interest because its innovative design attracted extensive offers of finance from donors and independent power providers, however it has had limited effect on electrification levels. This paper examines PASER’s progress and problems in detail, with the aim of informing rural electrification policy internationally. An extensive literature review was combined with 26 semi-structured stakeholder interviews, to produce a snapshot of the Plan’s status after its first decade of operation. PASER’s experiences are compared with other reform-based rural electrification initiatives across Sub-Saharan Africa. PASER has faced significant institutional and political barriers, with delays arising from organisational opposition, inconsistent ministerial support, protracted consultations and the inherent challenges of implementing an innovative policy framework in a country with limited institutional capacity. The development of human and institutional capacity has been compromised by inconsistent political commitment. PASER’s experiences mirror electrification initiatives across Sub-Saharan Africa, demonstrating that the Plan has not resolved common institutional barriers. Whilst PASER’s successes in garnering external support and fundraising are noteworthy, it is not the regional exemplar suggested by early reviews.
  • Journal article
    Martinez L, Higuchi S, MacLachlan AJ, Stavrinadis A, Miller NC, Diedenhofen SL, Bernechea M, Sweetnam S, Nelson J, Haque SA, Tajima K, Konstantatos Get al., 2014,

    Improved electronic coupling in hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposites employing thiol-functionalized P3HT and bismuth sulfide nanocrystals

    , Nanoscale, Vol: 6, Pages: 10018-10026, ISSN: 2040-3372

    In this study, we employ a thiol-functionalized polymer (P3HT-SH) as a leverage to tailor the nanomorphology and electronic coupling in polymer–nanocrystal composites for hybrid solar cells. The presence of the thiol functional group allows for a highly crystalline semiconducting polymer film at low thiol content and allows for improved nanomorphologies in hybrid organic–inorganic systems when employing non-toxic bismuth sulfide nanocrystals. The exciton dissociation efficiency and carrier dynamics at this hybrid heterojunction are investigated through photoluminescence quenching and transient absorption spectroscopy measurements, revealing a larger degree of polaron formation when P3HT-SH is employed, suggesting an increased electronic interaction between the metal chalcogenide nanocrystals and the thiol-functionalized P3HT. The fabricated photovoltaic devices show 15% higher power conversion efficiencies as a result of the improved nanomorphology and better charge transfer mechanism together with the higher open circuit voltages arising from the deeper energy levels of P3HT-SH.
  • Journal article
    De Plaen RSM, Bastow ID, Chambers EL, Keir D, Gallacher RJ, Keane Jet al., 2014,

    The Development of Magmatism Along the Cameroon Volcanic Line: Evidence from Seismicity and Seismic Anisotropy

    , Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol: 119, Pages: 4233-4252, ISSN: 0148-0227

    The Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) straddles the continent-ocean boundary in West Africa but exhibits no clear age progression. This renders it difficult to explain by traditional plume/plate motion hypotheses; thus, there remains no consensus on the processes responsible for its development. To understand better the nature of asthenospheric flow beneath the CVL, and the effects of hotspot tectonism on the overlying lithosphere, we analyze mantle seismic anisotropy and seismicity. Cameroon is relatively aseismic compared to hotspots elsewhere, with little evidence for magmatism-related crustal deformation away from Mount Cameroon, which last erupted in 2000. Low crustal Vp/Vs ratios (∼1.74) and a lack of evidence for seismically anisotropic aligned melt within the lithosphere both point toward a poorly developed magmatic plumbing system beneath the CVL. Null SKS splitting observations dominate the western continental portion of the CVL; elsewhere, anisotropic fast polarization directions parallel the strike of the Precambrian Central African Shear Zone (CASZ). The nulls may imply that the convecting upper mantle beneath the CVL is isotropic, or characterized by a vertically oriented olivine lattice preferred orientation fabric, perhaps due to a mantle plume or the upward limb of a small-scale convection cell. Precambrian CASZ fossil lithospheric fabrics along the CVL may have been thermomechanically eroded during Gondwana breakup ∼130 Ma, with an isotropic lower lithosphere subsequently reforming due to cooling of the slow-moving African plate. Small-scale lithospheric delamination during the 30 Ma recent development of the line may also have contributed to the erosion of the CASZ lithospheric fossil anisotropy, at the same time as generating the low-volume alkaline basaltic volcanism along the CVL.
  • Journal article
    Jones GA, Kendall JM, Bastow ID, Raymer D, Wuestefeld Aet al., 2014,

    Imaging of fractures and faults: A microseismic study from the Ekofisk reservoir, in press

    , Geophysical Prospecting, Vol: 62, Pages: 779-796
  • Journal article
    Mac Dowell N, Llovell F, Sun N, Hallett JP, George A, Hunt PA, Welton T, Simmons BA, Vega LFet al., 2014,

    New Experimental Density Data and soft-SAFT Models of Alkylimidazolium ([CnC₁im](+)) Chloride (Cl-), Methylsulfate ([MeSO4](-)), and Dimethylphosphate ([Me2PO4](-)) Based Ionic Liquids

    , JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B, Vol: 118, Pages: 6206-6221, ISSN: 1520-6106
  • Journal article
    Lomberg M, Ruiz-Trejo E, Offer G, Brandon NPet al., 2014,

    Characterization of Ni-Infiltrated GDC Electrodes for Solid Oxide Cell Applications

    , JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY, Vol: 161, Pages: F899-F905, ISSN: 0013-4651
  • Journal article
    Hirst LC, Walters RJ, Fuehrer MF, Ekins-Daukes NJet al., 2014,

    Experimental demonstration of hot-carrier photo-current in an InGaAs quantum well solar cell

    , APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, Vol: 104, ISSN: 0003-6951
  • Journal article
    O'Gorman EJ, Benstead JP, Cross WF, Friberg N, Hood JM, Johnson PW, Sigurdsson BD, Woodward Get al., 2014,

    Climate change and geothermal ecosystems: natural laboratories, sentinel systems, and future refugia

    , Global Change Biology, Vol: 20, Pages: 3291-3299, ISSN: 1365-2486

    Understanding and predicting how global warming affects the structure and functioning of natural ecosystems is a key challenge of the 21st century. Isolated laboratory and field experiments testing global change hypotheses have been criticized for being too small-scale and overly simplistic, whereas surveys are inferential and often confound temperature with other drivers. Research that utilizes natural thermal gradients offers a more promising approach and geothermal ecosystems in particular, which span a range of temperatures within a single biogeographic area, allow us to take the laboratory into nature rather than vice versa. By isolating temperature from other drivers, its ecological effects can be quantified without any loss of realism, and transient and equilibrial responses can be measured in the same system across scales that are not feasible using other empirical methods. Embedding manipulative experiments within geothermal gradients is an especially powerful approach, informing us to what extent small-scale experiments can predict the future behaviour of real ecosystems. Geothermal areas also act as sentinel systems by tracking responses of ecological networks to warming and helping to maintain ecosystem functioning in a changing landscape by providing sources of organisms that are preadapted to different climatic conditions. Here, we highlight the emerging use of geothermal systems in climate change research, identify novel research avenues, and assess their roles for catalysing our understanding of ecological and evolutionary responses to global warming.

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