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  • Journal article
    Putzey O, Bar-Ilan A, Rein G, Fernandez-Pello AC, Urban DLet al., 2007,

    The role of secondary char oxidation in the transition from smoldering to flaming

    , PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE, Vol: 31, Pages: 2669-2676, ISSN: 1540-7489
  • Conference paper
    Putzeys OM, Rein G, Fernandez-Pello AC, Urban DLet al., 2006,

    Piloted ignition to flaming in smoldering polyurethane foam

    , Pages: 13747-13755

    Experimental results are presented on the piloted transition from smoldering to flaming in flexible polyurethane foam. The experiments are conducted with small parallelepiped samples vertically placed in a wind tunnel. Three of the sample lateral-sides are insulated and the fourth side is exposed to an upward oxidizer flow and to a variable radiant flux. Thermocouples placed along the sample centerline allow monitoring of the smolder temperatures and calculation of the smolder velocity. The results show that the piloted transition from smoldering to flaming is possible under a wider range of external conditions than the spontaneous transition from smoldering to flaming. It is found that the smolder velocity and peak smolder temperature, which are strongly affected by the oxygen mole fraction and radiant heat flux, are strongly correlated to the ignition to flaming event, in that there are minimum values of these parameters for ignition to take place. The minimum smolder velocity and temperature for ignition are found to be approximately 0.185 mm/s, and 363°C, respectively. The existence of a minimum smolder velocity for ignition supports the concept of a gaseous mixture reaching a lean flammability limit as the criteria for ignition to flaming, because the pyrolysate mass production rate is proportional to the smolder velocity. The critical mass production rate of smolder gaseous products is calculated from the minimum smolder velocity to be approximately 7.35 mg/s. A one-step Arrheniustype reaction proposed for the solid-to-gas conversion in smoldering helps explain the relationship between the peak smolder temperature and the pyrolysate mass production, and the observed effects of smolder temperature on the piloted ignition.
  • Journal article
    Rein G, Bar-Ilan A, Fernandez-Pello AC, Alvares Net al., 2006,

    A comparison of three models for the simulation of accidental fires

    , JOURNAL OF FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERING, Vol: 16, Pages: 183-209, ISSN: 1042-3915
  • Journal article
    Rein G, Lautenberger C, Fernandez-Pello AC, Torero JL, Urban DLet al., 2006,

    Application of genetic algorithms and thermogravimetry to determine the kinetics of polyurethane foam in smoldering combustion

    , COMBUSTION AND FLAME, Vol: 146, Pages: 95-108, ISSN: 0010-2180
  • Journal article
    Lautenberger C, Rein G, Fernandez-Pello C, 2006,

    The application of a genetic algorithm to estimate material properties for fire modeling from bench-scale fire test data

    , FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL, Vol: 41, Pages: 204-214, ISSN: 0379-7112
  • Journal article
    Rein G, Bar-Ilan A, Fernandez-Pello AC, Ellzey JL, Torero JL, Urban DLet al., 2005,

    Modeling of one-dimensional smoldering of polyurethane in microgravity conditions

    , Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol: 30, Pages: 2327-2334, ISSN: 1540-7489
  • Journal article
    Bar-Ilan A, Putzeys OM, Rein G, Fernandez-Pello AC, Urban DLet al., 2005,

    Transition from forward smoldering to flaming in small polyurethane foam samples

    , Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol: 30, Pages: 2295-2302, ISSN: 1540-7489
  • Journal article
    Bar-Ilan A, Rein G, Walther DC, Fernandez-Pello AC, Torero JL, Urban DLet al., 2004,

    The effect of buoyancy on opposed smoldering

    , COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Vol: 176, Pages: 2027-2055, ISSN: 0010-2202
  • Journal article
    Bar-Ilan A, Rein G, Fernandez-Pello AC, Torero JL, Urban DLet al., 2004,

    Forced forward smoldering experiments in microgravity

    , Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, Vol: 28, Pages: 743-751, ISSN: 0894-1777
  • Conference paper
    Bar-Ilan A, Rein G, Fernandez-Pello AC, Torero JL, Urban DLet al., 2003,

    Microgravity forward smolder experiments in the space shuttle

    The Microgravity Smoldering Combustion (MSC) experiment is a study of the smolder characteristics of porous combustible materials in a microgravity environment. The objective of the study is to provide a better understanding of the controlling mechanisms of smolder for the purpose of control and prevention, both in normaland microgravity. Recently, two forward forced flow tests using air as oxidizer were conducted aboard the NASA Space Shuttle (STS-105 and STS-108 missions). A complimentary series of ground-based tests were conducted to determine the effect of gravity on the forward smolder propagation. A comparison of the tests conducted in normal- and microgravity indicates that smolder propagation velocities are higher in microgravity than in normal gravity, and that there is a greater tendency for a transition to flame in microgravity than in normal gravity. A one-dimensional numerical model of the microgravity forward smolder propagation is used to predict smolder propagation velocity. This finding has important implications from the point of view of fire safety in a space-based environment, since smolder can often occur in the forward mode and potentially lead to a smolder-initiated fire. © 2003 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
  • Journal article
    Rein G, Torero JL, Ellzey JL, 2002,

    Simulación de Combustión Latente en Flujo Directo

    , Revista Internacional de Métodos Numéricos para Cálculo y Diseño en Ingeniería, Vol: 18, Pages: 459-474

    G Rein, JL Torero, JL Ellzey,
  • Journal article
    Leach SV, Rein G, Ellzey JL, Ezekoye OA, Torero JLet al., 2000,

    Kinetic and fuel property effects on forward smoldering combustion

    , Combustion and Flame, Vol: 120, Pages: 346-358, ISSN: 0010-2180

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