@article{Abe:2024:10.1016/j.nima.2024.169480,
author = {Abe, K and Bronner, C and Hayato, Y and Hiraide, K and Hosokawa, K and Ieki, K and Ikeda, M and Kameda, J and Kanemura, Y and Kaneshima, R and Kashiwagi, Y and Kataoka, Y and Miki, S and Mine, S and Miura, M and Moriyama, S and Nakano, Y and Nakahata, M and Nakayama, S and Noguchi, Y and Sato, K and Sekiya, H and Shiba, H and Shimizu, K and Shiozawa, M and Sonoda, Y and Suzuki, Y and Takeda, A and Takemoto, Y and Tanaka, H and Yano, T and Han, S and Kajita, T and Okumura, K and Tashiro, T and Tomiya, T and Wang, X and Yoshida, S and Fernandez, P and Labarga, L and Ospina, N and Zaldivar, B and Pointon, BW and Kearns, E and Raaf, JL and Wan, L and Wester, T and Bian, J and Griskevich, NJ and Smy, MB and Sobel, HW and Takhistov, V and Yankelevich, A and Hill, J and Jang, MC and Lee, SH and Moon, DH and Park, RG and Bodur, B and Scholberg, K and Walter, CW and Beauchêne, A and Drapier, O and Giampaolo, A and Mueller, TA and Santos, AD and Paganini, P and Quilain, B and Rogly, R and Nakamu},
doi = {10.1016/j.nima.2024.169480},
journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment},
title = {Second gadolinium loading to Super-Kamiokande},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2024.169480},
volume = {1065},
year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
AB  - The first loading of gadolinium (Gd) into Super-Kamiokande in 2020 was successful, and the neutron capture efficiency on Gd reached 50%. To further increase the Gd neutron capture efficiency to 75%, 26.1 tons of Gd2(SO4)3⋅8H2O was additionally loaded into Super-Kamiokande (SK) from May 31 to July 4, 2022. As the amount of loaded Gd2(SO4)3⋅8H2O was doubled compared to the first loading, the capacity of the powder dissolving system was doubled. We also developed new batches of gadolinium sulfate with even further reduced radioactive impurities. In addition, a more efficient screening method was devised and implemented to evaluate these new batches of Gd2(SO4)3⋅8H2O. Following the second loading, the Gd concentration in SK was measured to be 333.5±2.5 ppm via an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). From the mean neutron capture time constant of neutrons from an Am/Be calibration source, the Gd concentration was independently measured to be 332.7 ± 6.8(sys.) ± 1.1(stat.) ppm, consistent with the AAS result. Furthermore, during the loading the Gd concentration was monitored continually using the capture time constant of each spallation neutron produced by cosmic-ray muons, and the final neutron capture efficiency was shown to become 1.5 times higher than that of the first loaded phase, as expected.
AU  - Abe,K
AU  - Bronner,C
AU  - Hayato,Y
AU  - Hiraide,K
AU  - Hosokawa,K
AU  - Ieki,K
AU  - Ikeda,M
AU  - Kameda,J
AU  - Kanemura,Y
AU  - Kaneshima,R
AU  - Kashiwagi,Y
AU  - Kataoka,Y
AU  - Miki,S
AU  - Mine,S
AU  - Miura,M
AU  - Moriyama,S
AU  - Nakano,Y
AU  - Nakahata,M
AU  - Nakayama,S
AU  - Noguchi,Y
AU  - Sato,K
AU  - Sekiya,H
AU  - Shiba,H
AU  - Shimizu,K
AU  - Shiozawa,M
AU  - Sonoda,Y
AU  - Suzuki,Y
AU  - Takeda,A
AU  - Takemoto,Y
AU  - Tanaka,H
AU  - Yano,T
AU  - Han,S
AU  - Kajita,T
AU  - Okumura,K
AU  - Tashiro,T
AU  - Tomiya,T
AU  - Wang,X
AU  - Yoshida,S
AU  - Fernandez,P
AU  - Labarga,L
AU  - Ospina,N
AU  - Zaldivar,B
AU  - Pointon,BW
AU  - Kearns,E
AU  - Raaf,JL
AU  - Wan,L
AU  - Wester,T
AU  - Bian,J
AU  - Griskevich,NJ
AU  - Smy,MB
AU  - Sobel,HW
AU  - Takhistov,V
AU  - Yankelevich,A
AU  - Hill,J
AU  - Jang,MC
AU  - Lee,SH
AU  - Moon,DH
AU  - Park,RG
AU  - Bodur,B
AU  - Scholberg,K
AU  - Walter,CW
AU  - Beauchêne,A
AU  - Drapier,O
AU  - Giampaolo,A
AU  - Mueller,TA
AU  - Santos,AD
AU  - Paganini,P
AU  - Quilain,B
AU  - Rogly,R
AU  - Nakamura,T
AU  - Jang,JS
AU  - Machado,LN
AU  - Learned,JG
AU  - Choi,K
AU  - Iovine,N
AU  - Cao,S
AU  - Anthony,LHV
AU  - Martin,D
AU  - Prouse,NW
AU  - Scott,M
AU  - Uchida,Y
AU  - Berardi,V
AU  - Calabria,NF
AU  - Catanesi,MG
AU  - Radicioni,E
AU  - Langella,A
AU  - De,Rosa G
AU  - Collazuol,G
AU  - Iacob,F
AU  - Mattiazzi,M
AU  - Ludovici,L
AU  - Gonin,M
AU  - Périssé,L
AU  - Pronost,G
AU  - Fujisawa,C
AU  - Maekawa,Y
AU  - Nishimura,Y
AU  - Okazaki,R
AU  - Akutsu,R
AU  - Friend,M
DO  - 10.1016/j.nima.2024.169480
PY  - 2024///
SN  - 0168-9002
TI  - Second gadolinium loading to Super-Kamiokande
T2  - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2024.169480
VL  - 1065
ER  - 

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