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  • Journal article
    Jacobs IE, D'Avino G, Lemaur V, Lin Y, Huang Y, Chen C, Harrelson TF, Wood W, Spalek LJ, Mustafa T, O'Keefe CA, Ren X, Simatos D, Tjhe D, Statz M, Strzalka JW, Lee J-K, McCulloch I, Fratini S, Beljonne D, Sirringhaus Het al., 2022,

    Structural and Dynamic Disorder, Not Ionic Trapping, Controls Charge Transport in Highly Doped Conducting Polymers

    , JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Vol: 144, Pages: 3005-3019, ISSN: 0002-7863
  • Journal article
    Dimov IB, Moser M, Malliaras GG, McCulloch Iet al., 2022,

    Semiconducting Polymers for Neural Applications

    , CHEMICAL REVIEWS, Vol: 122, Pages: 4356-4396, ISSN: 0009-2665
  • Journal article
    Malliaras G, McCulloch I, 2022,

    Introduction: Organic Bioelectronics

    , CHEMICAL REVIEWS, Vol: 122, Pages: 4323-4324, ISSN: 0009-2665
  • Journal article
    Lan L, Chen J, Wang Y, Li P, Yu Y, Zhu G, Li Z, Lei T, Yue W, McCulloch Iet al., 2022,

    Facilely Accessible Porous Conjugated Polymers toward High-Performance and Flexible Organic Electrochemical Transistors

    , CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, Vol: 34, Pages: 1666-1676, ISSN: 0897-4756
  • Journal article
    Savva A, Hama A, Herrera-López G, Gasparini N, Migliaccio L, Kawan M, Steiner N, McCulloch I, Baran D, Fiumelli H, Magistretti P, Głowacki ED, Inal Set al., 2022,

    Photo-Electrochemical Stimulation of Neurons with Organic Donor-Acceptor Heterojunctions

    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Recent advancements in light-responsive materials enabled the development of devices to artificially activate tissue with light, and show great potential for use in different types of therapy. Photo-stimulation based on organic semiconductors has recently attracted interest due to their unique set of properties such as biocompatibility, better mechanical match with human tissue, and strong absorption of light in the visible spectrum. Here we show the development of solution processed organic heterojunctions that are able to control the activity of primary neurons <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic> with light. The p-type polymer semiconductor PDCBT and the n-type polymer semiconductor ITIC (also known as non-fullerene acceptor) are simply spin coated on glass substrates forming a bilayer p-n junction with high photo-sensitivity in aqueous electrolytes. Photo-electrochemical measurements reveal that high photo-voltage and photo-current is produced, as a result of a charge transfer between the polymers and oxygen in the electrolyte. The biocompatibility of the proposed materials is addressed with live/dead assays on both primary mouse cortical neurons and human cell lines that are cultured on their surface. We have found that light of low intensity (i.e. 40 mW/cm<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>) is absorbed, and converted into a cue that triggers action potential on primary cortical neurons directly cultured on glass/PDCBT/ITIC interfaces as proven by patch clamp measurements. The activation of neurons is most likely due to photochemical reactions at the polymer/electrolyte interface that result in hydrogen peroxide, which might lead to modulation of specific ion channels on neurons membrane. Photo-thermal effects are excluded with controlled patch clamp measurements on neurons cultured on plain glass and on photoresist thin films. The profound advantages of low intensity light stimulation, simpl
  • Journal article
    Alsufyani M, Stoeckel M-A, Chen X, Thorley K, Hallani RK, Puttisong Y, Ji X, Meli D, Paulsen BD, Strzalka J, Regeta K, Combe C, Chen H, Tian J, Rivnay J, Fabiano S, McCulloch Iet al., 2022,

    Lactone Backbone Density in Rigid Electron-Deficient Semiconducting Polymers Enabling High n-type Organic Thermoelectric Performance

    , ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION, Vol: 61, ISSN: 1433-7851
  • Conference paper
    Abdel Aziz I, Gladisch J, Moser M, Griggs S, Berggren M, McCulloch I, Stavrinidou Eet al., 2022,

    Fundamentals of electrochemical doping in polythiophene polymers

    , nanoGe Spring Meeting 2022, Publisher: Fundació Scito
  • Conference paper
    Surgailis J, Druet V, Griggs S, Maria I, Chen H, Moser M, Marks A, McCulloch I, Inal Set al., 2022,

    Understanding the effect of polymer hydration on n-type organic mixed semiconductor transistors

    , Organic Bioelectronics Conference 2022, Publisher: Fundació Scito
  • Journal article
    Kim Y, Kim G, Ding B, Jeong D, Lee I, Park S, Kim BJ, McCulloch I, Heeney M, Yoon M-Het al., 2022,

    High-current-density organic electrochemical diodes enabled by asymmetric active layer design

    , Advanced Materials, ISSN: 0935-9648

    Owing to their outstanding electrical/electrochemical performance, operational stability, mechanical flexibility, and decent biocompatibility, organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors have shown great potential as implantable electrodes for neural recording/stimulation and as active channels for signal switching/amplifying transistors. Nonetheless, no studies exist on a general design rule for high-performance electrochemical diodes, which are essential for highly functional circuit architectures. In this work, generalizable electrochemical diodes with a very high current density over 30 kA cm−2 are designed by introducing an asymmetric active layer based on organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors. The underlying mechanism on polarity-sensitive balanced ionic doping/dedoping is elucidated by numerical device analysis and in operando spectroelectrochemical potential mapping, while the general material requirements for electrochemical diode operation are deduced using various types of conjugated polymers. In parallel, analog signal rectification and digital logic processing circuits are successfully demonstrated to show the broad impact of circuits incorporating organic electrochemical diodes. It is expected that organic electrochemical diodes will play vital roles in realizing multifunctional soft bioelectronic circuitry in combination with organic electrochemical transistors.
  • Journal article
    Yu D, Wang Y, Chen J, Liu S, Deng S, Liu C, McCulloch I, Yue W, Cheng Det al., 2022,

    Co-delivery of NIR-II semiconducting polymer and pH-sensitive doxorubicin-conjugated prodrug for photothermal/chemotherapy

    , ACTA BIOMATERIALIA, Vol: 137, Pages: 238-251, ISSN: 1742-7061
  • Journal article
    Alsaggaf S, Ashraf RS, Purushothaman B, Chaturvedi N, McCulloch I, Laquai F, Khan JIet al., 2021,

    Efficiency Limits in Wide-Bandgap Ge-Containing Donor Polymer:Nonfullerene Acceptor Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells

    , PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI-RAPID RESEARCH LETTERS, Vol: 15, ISSN: 1862-6254
  • Journal article
    Krauhausen I, Koutsouras DA, Melianas A, Keene ST, Lieberth K, Ledanseur H, Sheelamanthula R, Giovannitti A, Torricelli F, Mcculloch I, Blom PWM, Salleo A, van de Burgt Y, Gkoupidenis Pet al., 2021,

    Organic neuromorphic electronics for sensorimotor integration and learning in robotics

    , SCIENCE ADVANCES, Vol: 7, ISSN: 2375-2548
  • Journal article
    Kosco J, Gonzalez-Carrero S, Howells CT, Zhang W, Moser M, Sheelamanthula R, Zhao L, Willner B, Hidalgo TC, Faber H, Purushothaman B, Sachs M, Cha H, Sougrat R, Anthopoulos TD, Inal S, Durrant JR, McCulloch Iet al., 2021,

    Oligoethylene glycol side chains increase charge generation in organic semiconductor nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

    , Advanced Materials, Vol: 34, Pages: 1-9, ISSN: 0935-9648

    Organic semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs) composed of an electron donor/acceptor (D/A) semiconductor blend have recently emerged as an efficient class of hydrogen-evolution photocatalysts. It is demonstrated that using conjugated polymers functionalized with (oligo)ethylene glycol side chains in NP photocatalysts can greatly enhance their H2-evolution efficiency compared to their nonglycolated analogues. The strategy is broadly applicable to a range of structurally diverse conjugated polymers. Transient spectroscopic studies show that glycolation facilitates charge generation even in the absence of a D/A heterojunction, and further suppresses both geminate and nongeminate charge recombination in D/A NPs. This results in a high yield of photogenerated charges with lifetimes long enough to efficiently drive ascorbic acid oxidation, which is correlated with greatly enhanced H2-evolution rates in the glycolated NPs. Glycolation increases the relative permittivity of the semiconductors and facilitates water uptake. Together, these effects may increase the high-frequency relative permittivity inside the NPs sufficiently, to cause the observed suppression of exciton and charge recombination responsible for the high photocatalytic activities of the glycolated NPs.
  • Journal article
    Guo Y, Yang X, Wang L, Duan J, Zhou Y, Nielsen CB, Yu Y, Yang J, Guo Y, Li Z, Yue W, Liu Y, McCulloch Iet al., 2021,

    Aldol Polymerization to Construct Half-Fused Semiconducting Polymers

    , MACROMOLECULES, Vol: 54, Pages: 10312-10320, ISSN: 0024-9297
  • Journal article
    Ma C, Chen H, Yengel E, Faber H, Khan J, Tang M-C, Li R, Loganathan K, Lin Y, Zhang W, Laquai F, McCulloch I, Anthopoulos TDet al., 2021,

    Printed Memtransistor Utilizing a Hybrid Perovskite/Organic Heterojunction Channel

    , ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES, Vol: 13, Pages: 51592-51601, ISSN: 1944-8244

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