Emergency hospital admissions via A&E rise while those via GPs fall

More people were admitted to hospital via A&E and fewer via their GP in 2010/11 compared with 2001/2, according to a new analysis.

Researchers at Imperial College London, funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), estimated that the annual number of emergency hospital admissions via accident and emergency departments rose by 72 per cent (2.1 million to 3.6 million) between 2001/2 and 2010/11. In the same period there was a 17 per cent decrease in emergency hospital admissions via general practitioners (1.12 million to 930,000).

These diverging trends could reflect changing roles for A&E departments and GP practices in providing urgent and emergency care in the NHS. The findings are published today in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

The lead author, Thomas Cowling, an NIHR Doctoral Research Fellow at the School of Public Health at Imperial College London, said: “Our findings suggest that the role of A&E departments as portals for emergency admission grew in England between 2001/2 and 2010/11, while the role of GP practices appears to have reduced. In other words, the decision to admit patients to hospital increasingly came from A&E staff, rather than GPs. This trend is curious and the explanation is currently unclear.”

The authors describe several factors that could help to explain the findings. These include demographic changes in the English population; the lowering of thresholds in A&E departments for admitting patients who would previously have been managed in A&E alone; increased failure of management in primary care and outpatient settings; the growth of acute medicine as a specialty; and changes in patients’ healthcare-seeking behaviour.

Cowling added: “Whatever the explanation, the role of A&E departments as portals for emergency admission has grown, despite efforts to reduce A&E attendance rates and national recommendations to support direct admission to acute medical care.

“A&E staff now have increased responsibility as gatekeepers for inpatient care and as care coordinators, which is not reflected in how A&E departments’ activity is measured or reimbursed.” Medical staff issues compound the problem with low recruitment into higher specialty training and unfilled consultant posts.

The authors report that large-scale redesign of the delivery of urgent and emergency care services is believed by some to be the solution, citing the redesign of services planned for northwest London. There, A&E resources will be concentrated by having major A&E departments at fewer hospitals while placing 24/7 GP-led urgent care centres at both local and major hospitals, with access to X-ray and other diagnostic services. The major A&E departments at Hammersmith and Central Middlesex Hospitals closed in September 2014.

“New models of urgent care services that employ GPs in or alongside A&E departments as gatekeepers to specialist urgent care ought to be evaluated before they are scaled up to avoid further ad hoc developments. This also applies to the current government’s pilot scheme of extended opening hours in general practice,” Cowling said.

Based on a news release from the Royal Society of Medicine

Reference: ‘Emergency hospital admissions via accident and emergency departments in England: time trend, conceptual framework and policy implications.’ (DOI: 10.1177/0141076814542669:) by Thomas E Cowling, Michael A Soljak, Derek Bell and Azeem Majeed. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 6 November 2014.