Surprising meteorite impact rate on Mars can act as ‘cosmic clock’

Seismic signals have suggested Mars gets hit by around 300 basketball size meteorites every year, providing a new tool for dating planetary surfaces.

The new research, led by scientists at Imperial College London and ETH Zurich working as part of the NASA-led InSight mission, has shed light on how often ‘marsquakes’ caused by meteorite impacts occur on Mars.

The researchers found that Mars experiences around 280 to 360 meteorite impacts every year that produce craters larger than eight metres in diameter and shake the red planet’s surface.

"By using seismic data to better understand how often meteorites hit Mars and how these impacts change its surface, we can start piecing together a timeline of the red planet’s geological history and evolution." Natalia Wojcicka Study author

The rate of these marsquakes, which were detected by InSight’s ‘seismometer’ – an instrument capable of measuring the slightest ground movements – exceeds previous estimates based on satellite images of Mars’ surface.

The researchers say these seismic data could be a better, more direct way of measuring meteorite impact rates, and could help scientists date planetary surfaces across the Solar System more accurately.

Study co-first author Dr Natalia Wojcicka, Research Associate at Imperial College London’s Department of Earth Science and Engineering, said:

“By using seismic data to better understand how often meteorites hit Mars and how these impacts change its surface, we can start piecing together a timeline of the red planet’s geological history and evolution.

“You could think of it as a sort of ‘cosmic clock’ to help us date Martian surfaces, and maybe, further down the line, other planets in the Solar System.”

The study is published in Nature Astronomy and received funding from the UK Space Agency.

Impact craters as cosmic clocks

For years, scientists have used the number of craters on Mars and other planets’ surfaces as ‘cosmic clocks’ to estimate planetary age – with older surfaces on planets pitted with more craters than younger ones.

To calculate planetary age in this way, scientists have traditionally used models based on craters on the Moon to predict the rate of meteorite impacts of different sizes over time. To apply these models to Mars, they need to be adjusted for how the atmosphere might stop smallest impactors from hitting the surface and Mars’s different size and position in the Solar System.

For small craters less than 60 metres wide, Mars scientists have also been able to observe how often new craters form using satellite images – but the number of craters found in this way is much lower than expected.

This new research, which is part of the InSight mission to understand the seismic activity and internal structure of Mars, researchers identified a previously unrecognised pattern of seismic signals, as produced by meteorite impacts. These signals stood out for their unusually greater proportion of high frequency waves compared to typical seismic signals, as well as other characteristics, and are known as ‘very high-frequency’ marsquakes.

The researchers found the rate of meteoroid impacts to be higher than previously estimated by looking at freshly formed craters captured by satellite images and in agreement with extrapolating data from craters on the Moon’s surface.

This highlighted the limitations of previous models and estimates, as well as the need for better models to understand crater formation and meteorite impacts on Mars.

The power of seismic data

To address this, the team of scientists used NASA's InSight lander and its extremely sensitive seismometer, SEIS, to record seismic events possibly caused by meteorite impacts.

SEIS detected seismic signatures characteristic of these very high-frequency marsquakes, which researchers found to be indicative of meteoroid impacts and different from other seismic activity.

Using this new method for detecting impacts, the researchers found many more impact events than predicted by satellite imaging, particularly for small impacts that produce craters only a few metres across.

Study co-author Professor Gareth Collins at Imperial College London’s Department of Earth Science and Engineering said: “The SEIS instrument has proven to be incredibly successful at detecting impacts – listening for impacts seems to be more effective than looking for them if we want to understand how often they occur.”

Improving our understanding of the Solar System

Researchers believe that deploying smaller, more affordable seismometers on future landers could further enhance our understanding of Mars’ impact rates and inner structure. These instruments would help researchers detect more seismic signals, providing a more comprehensive dataset for understanding meteorite impacts on Mars and other planets, as well as their inner structures.

Dr Wojcicka said: “To understand the inner structure of planets, we use seismology. This is because as seismic waves travel through or reflect off material in planets’ crust, mantle, and core, they change. By studying these changes, seismologists can determine what these layers are made of and how deep they are.

“On Earth, you can more easily understand the inner structure of our planet by looking at data from seismometers placed all around the globe. However, on Mars there has been only one – SEIS. To better understand Mars’ inner structure, we need more seismometers distributed across the planet.”

As well as the new research published in Nature Astronomy, the team are also involved in another study published in Science Advances – which used images and atmospheric signals recorded by InSight to estimate how often impacts occur on Mars. Despite using different methods, both studies reached similar conclusions, strengthening the overall findings.