Researchers are departing on a 1128 km journey over ice to the edge of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, in search of critical geological records.

The vast West Antarctic Ice Sheet holds enough ice to raise sea level by 4 to 5 metres if it melts completely.

Research has found a collapse might be inevitable for some parts of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, such as the area around the ‘Doomsday Glacier’ (Thwaites Glacier) in the Amundsen Sea, due to the presence of warm water next to it.

In contrast, water underneath the large Ross Ice Shelf is still cold. 

"The Ross Ice Shelf serves as a stabilising buttress to the inland ice of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet – it is like a dam holding back a flood,"  says Professor Tina van de Flierdt, SWAIS2C Co-Chief Scientist, from the Department of Earth Science and Engineering at Imperial College London.

Understanding what temperature will trigger unavoidable melt of the Ross Ice Shelf, and the subsequent collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, is critical for all of humanity.

This is the challenge driving the scientists, drillers and Antarctic field specialists from 13 countries to come together as part of the SWAIS2C (Sensitivity of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet to 2°C of warming) project, and why the “on-ice” team of 27 will camp at the KIS3 drilling site this Antarctic summer.

Like a dam holding back a flood

The West Antarctic ice sheet could contribute up to five meters to global sea level rise if it melts completely. But we lack direct evidence of if, and when, we will lose it to global warming. Prof Tina van de Flierdt SWAIS2C Co-Chief Scientist and Head of the Department of Earth Science and Engineering at Imperial

"My team will be drilling closer to the centre of the West Antarctic ice sheet than ever before to reach the seafloor under the Ross Ice Shelf in search of mud and sand from times in the past warmth," she added.

To obtain this geological record contained in sediment layered in the seafloor under the Ross Ice Shelf, the team must melt a hole through around 580 m of the ice shelf, pass through a 55 m ocean cavity, and use a custom-designed drilling system to retrieve a sediment core from up to 200 m deep into the seabed.

This is no easy task – something the team knows all too well. Due to technical difficulties, their efforts to do so last year were scuppered after reaching the seafloor.

Heading back to finish what they started

“We were making the first ever attempt to obtain a geological record this deep so far from a base and so close to the centre of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet,” says Professor Richard Levy, SWAIS2C Co-Chief Scientist, from GNS Science and Te Herenga Waka – Victoria University of Wellington.

“While we got tantalisingly close to the samples that we need last season, we had to halt operations. Cutting-edge Antarctic frontier science is challenging, and we learned valuable lessons. We’re heading back this year to finish what we started, with an even greater sense of urgency – the climate warning signs are only getting louder.”

“Since our last deployment we’ve seen global temperatures reach record highs across the world. Last year, the average increase in Earth’s annual surface temperature exceeded the 1.5°C target of the Paris Agreement for the first time since we started routinely measuring temperature with instruments. While this increase may be temporary, we are well on track to permanently cross this threshold in the next 5 to 10 years,” says Levy.

Using the past to prepare us for the future

The coveted core is expected to reach back hundreds of thousands of years, potentially even millions of years. Such a record would include the last interglacial period 125,000 years ago, when Earth was around 1.5°C warmer than pre-industrial temperatures – similar to the temperatures we’ve approached this year due to human-caused climate change.

The sequence of rocks and mud will reveal how the West Antarctic Ice Sheet behaved during this past time of warmer temperature. If the researchers find marine algae, indicating open ocean conditions, it’s likely the ice sheet retreated.

The team calls SWAIS2C “the discovery for our lifetime” and hopes the results will guide plans to adapt to unavoidable sea-level rise, while amplifying the imperative to mitigate global greenhouse gas emissions.

“Retrieving this sample from such a remote location will help us build a much clearer picture of how the West Antarctic Ice Sheet will respond to future warming, which parts will melt first and which parts will remain. We’re using the past to help us prepare for our future,” says van de Flierdt.

An extreme polar road trip

Drilling at a deep field research camp so far from the nearest base – New Zealand’s Scott Base – requires a large amount of gear, both for the drilling itself and the operations of the camp.

Six of Antarctica New Zealand’s camp crew departed Scott Base on 1 November on the traverse – a convoy of PistenBully polar vehicles towing the load of fuel, science and drilling equipment and supplies to sustain the camp for the approximately 8-week season. Their 1128 km journey is expected to take 15 days over the Ross Ice Shelf, the largest ice shelf on Earth, and requires a Ground Penetrating Radar to help them detect and avoid treacherous crevasses.

Once they’ve arrived at KIS3 camp they’ll create a runway on the ice for ski-equipped aircraft, allowing the drillers and scientists to fly in (860 km ‘as the crow flies’) later in November.