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  • Journal article
    Chan R, Lipworth B, Fardon T, Barnes PJet al., 2025,

    An Easier Way to Measure Small Airway Function?

    , J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract, Vol: 13, Pages: 119-120
  • Journal article
    Rupani H, Chaudhuri R, Jackson DJ, Moyses H, Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Haitchi HM, Edwards MR, Johnston SL, Djukanovic Ret al., 2025,

    Booster vaccination normalizes post- vaccination immunity in patients with severe asthma

    , JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY, Vol: 155, Pages: 236-237, ISSN: 0091-6749
  • Journal article
    Hutchinson A, Russell R, Cummings H, Usmani O, MacFadyen S, Cohen J, Morris T, Muellerova H, Xu Y, Hellens G, Roy K, Crooks MGet al., 2025,

    Exploring patients' and carers' experiences, understandings and expectations of COPD exacerbations: an interview study

    , BJGP OPEN, Vol: 9
  • Journal article
    Blondeel A, Demeyer H, Alcaraz-Serrano V, Buttery SC, Buekers J, Chynkiamis N, Josa-Cullere A, Delgado-Ortiz L, Frei A, Glorie L, Gimeno-Santos E, Hopkinson NS, Hume E, Jansen C-P, Kirsten A, Koch S, Megaritis D, Mellaerts P, Puhan MA, Rochester L, Vogiatzis I, Watz H, Wuyts M, Garcia-Aymerich J, Troosters Tet al., 2025,

    Validation of the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument in People Living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease A Clinical Trial

    , ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY, Vol: 22, Pages: 72-82, ISSN: 2329-6933
  • Journal article
    Bloom CI, Yang F, Hubbard R, Majeed A, Wedzicha JAet al., 2025,

    Association of dose of inhaled corticosteroids and frequency of adverse events

    , American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol: 211, Pages: 54-63, ISSN: 1073-449X

    Rationale: Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are the cornerstone of asthma treatment and significantly improve morbidity and mortality. Adverse effects of oral corticosteroids are well documented, but less is known about ICS.Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the risk of adverse effects from short-term ICS use in people with asthma.Methods: We conducted observational studies in adults with asthma using two different United Kingdom nationwide datasets: Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum and Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD. The exposure was incident ICS; the outcomes were a major adverse cardiac event (MACE), arrhythmia, pulmonary embolism (PE), and pneumonia over 12 months. Our main analyses used a cohort method with stabilized inverse probability treatment weighting to balance confounding between exposed and unexposed patients. Secondary analyses included nested case–control studies and self-controlled case series. ICS use was treated as both a categorical and a continuous variable. Absolute risk was estimated using weighted flexible parametric models.Measurements and Main Results: Among 162,202 patients in our main cohort, there was an association with all outcomes at the medium daily ICS dose or higher (hazard ratios [HRs] at 201–599 μg: MACE, 2.63 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.66–4.15]; arrhythmia, 2.21 [95% CI, 1.60–3.04]; PE, 2.10 [95% CI, 1.37–3.22]; and pneumonia, 2.25 [95% CI, 1.77–2.85]; HRs at ≥600 μg: MACE, 4.63 [95% CI, 2.62–8.17]; arrhythmia, 2.91 [95% CI, 1.72–4.91]; PE, 3.32 [95% CI, 1.69–6.50]; and pneumonia, 4.09 [95% CI, 2.98–5.60]). There were no associations with lower doses of ICSs. Secondary analyses produced similar results. The number needed to harm using 12 months of ICS at 201 to 599 μg was as follows: MACE, 473 (95% CI, 344–754); arrhythmia, 567 (95% CI, 395&ndas
  • Journal article
    Zein JG, Zounemat-Kerman N, Adcock IM, Hu B, Attaway A, Castro M, Dahlén S-E, Denlinger LC, Erzurum SC, Fahy JV, Gaston B, Hastie AT, Israel E, Jarjour NN, Levy BD, Mauger DT, Moore W, Peters MC, Sumino K, Townsend E, Woodruff P, Ortega VE, Wenzel SE, Meyers DA, Chung KF, Bleecker ERet al., 2025,

    Development of an asthma health-care burden score as a measure of severity and predictor of remission in SARP III and U-BIOPRED: results from two major longitudinal asthma cohorts

    , The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, Vol: 13, Pages: 35-46, ISSN: 2213-2600

    BackgroundCurrent asthma guidelines, including those of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and American Thoracic Society (ATS), suboptimally predict asthma remission, disease severity, and health-care utilisation. We aimed to establish a novel approach to assess asthma severity based on asthma health-care burden data.MethodsWe analysed prospectively collected data from the Severe Asthma Research Program III (SARP III; USA) and the European Unbiased Biomarkers for the Prediction of Respiratory Disease Outcomes (U-BIOPRED; 11 European countries) to calculate a composite burden score based on asthma exacerbations and health-care utilisation, which was modified to include the use of short-acting beta agonists (SABAs) to reflect asthma symptom burden.FindingsIn SARP III, 528 adult participants with asthma were followed up for a mean of 4·4 (SD 1·6) years, and 312 (59%) had severe asthma according to the ERS-ATS definition. Among the 205 participants with asthma who used rescue SABAs daily, 90 used these two or more times a day. In U-BIOPRED, 509 adult participants with asthma were followed up for 1 year, and 421 (83%) had severe asthma. The burden score was less than 1·29 per patient-year in 106 (34%) of 312 SARP III participants and in 80 (19%) of 421 U-BIOPRED participants with severe asthma. By contrast, the burden score was above the median value in 58 (28%) SARP III and 24 (27%) U-BIOPRED participants with non-severe asthma. In both cohorts, the burden score negatively correlated with lung function, asthma control, and quality of life. A burden score of 0·15 or lower predicted asthma remission with a sensitivity greater than 91% and a specificity of 99%.InterpretationOur findings highlight considerable discrepancies between the current definition of asthma severity and our burden score. Although the definition of severe asthma proposed by the ERS-ATS and the and Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) is based on prescribed asthma medicat
  • Journal article
    Lu C, Ou C, Deng Y, Li N, Ma Y, Luo J, Zhou J, Chung KF, Deng Z, Zhang Qet al., 2025,

    Clinical, Biomarker, and Radiological Progression from Asthma to Systemic Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study

    , JOURNAL OF ASTHMA AND ALLERGY, Vol: 18, Pages: 1615-1626, ISSN: 1178-6965
  • Journal article
    Dhar R, Ramakrishnan S, Koul PA, Dash M, Patnaik J, Nair S, Mani OK, Balasubramanian V, Chawla R, Khanna A, Modi M, Haldar A, Rai D, Kulkarni T, Singh S, Gupta N, Vora A, Dalal SK, Usmani O, Russell REK, Salvi SS, Bhattacharyya A, Bafadhel Met al., 2025,

    Blood Eosinophil Counts in Healthy Volunteers and in Patients with Asthma and COPD in India: A Multi-Centre Cross-Sectional Report

    , INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, Vol: 20, Pages: 3867-3875, ISSN: 1178-2005
  • Journal article
    Fokkens WJ, Backer V, Lund VJ, Barnes PJ, Bernal-Sprekelsen M, Bjermer L, de Corso E, Conti DM, Cornet ME, Diamant Z, Djukanovic R, Gaga M, Gevaert P, Han JK, Hopkins C, Joos G, Landis BN, Lau S, Lee SE, Mullol J, Peters AT, Scadding GK, Schneider S, Senior B, Pavord ID, Quirce S, Ryan D, Wechsler ME, Hellings PWet al., 2025,

    Pocket guide: biologics in upper and lower airways in adults

    , RHINOLOGY, Vol: 63, ISSN: 0300-0729
  • Journal article
    Hughes R, Brailsford W, Ferreira J, Chalmers J, Belvisi MG, Kocks JWH, Masters P, Thomson P, Lyzwa D, Rosengren S, Cooper JD, Russell REK, Saralaya Det al., 2025,

    Phase 2a, Randomized Trial of Mitiperstat Versus Placebo in Patients with COPD at High Risk of Exacerbation (CRESCENDO)

    , INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, Vol: 20, ISSN: 1178-2005
  • Journal article
    Hadjicharalambous MR, Ryder RR, Fenwick PS, Donnelly LE, Lindsay MAet al., 2025,

    Catalogue of LPS-induced transcriptional changes across vertebrates identifies syntenically conserved human long non-coding RNAs that regulate the innate immune response.

    , Front Immunol, Vol: 16

    BACKGROUND: Innate immunity involves the detection and removal of pathogens and is an ancient physiological response observed across all living organisms. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a novel family of RNA transcripts that regulate the innate immune response. Although the identification of functional lncRNAs has been hindered by their poor evolutionary sequence conservation, it has been speculated that syntenic conservation (position relative to protein coding genes) might provide an alternative approach. To examine this hypothesis, we have produced a catalogue containing the LPS-induced transcriptional changes across 27 vertebrate species, which was employed to identify syntenically conserved and functional LPS-induced human lncRNAs. METHODS: Transcriptomics was employed to compare differential lncRNA expression, as well as mRNA expression, between LPS-stimulated human cells and 26 vertebrate species, including 7 primates, 10 mammals, 4 birds and 5 fish. The function of manually annotated syntenically conserved human lncRNAs was examined in LPS-stimulated monocytic THP-1 cells using antisense mediated knockdown. RESULTS: Sequencing data from 9 LPS-stimulated human cell studies was analysed to produce a high confidence catalogue of 1036 mRNAs and 71 lncRNAs that were differentially expressed in 4 or more cell types. Examination of the mRNAs involved in the LPS signaling pathway showed evolutionary conservation across human, primates, mammals, birds and fish, one notable exception being the absence of the LPS sensing complex (MD2/TLR4/CD14) in fish. To overcome poor sequence conservation amongst lncRNAs, we employed syntenic position to show that many of the 71 lncRNAs identified in humans were conserved and induced across vertebrates, the most common being MITA1 (IL7AS) and LINC02541. Knockdown studies showed that MITA1 (IL7AS) and LINC02541 negatively regulate the human LPS-induced inflammatory response in monocytic THP-1 cells. Significantly, we have identif
  • Journal article
    Lee Y-L, Heriyanto DS, Yuliani FS, Laiman V, Choridah L, Lee K-Y, Chang J-H, Chung KF, Chang L-T, Chang T-Y, Chen X-Y, Peng S-W, Chuang K-J, Chuang H-Cet al., 2024,

    Eosinophilic inflammation: a key player in COPD pathogenesis and progression

    , ANNALS OF MEDICINE, Vol: 56, ISSN: 0785-3890
  • Journal article
    Meys R, Franssen FME, Van 't Hul AJ, Bakke PS, Caruso M, Dahlen B, Fowler SJ, Geiser T, Howarth PH, Horvath I, Krug N, Behndig AF, Singer F, Musial J, Shaw DE, Montuschi P, Zee AHM-VD, Sterk PJ, Roberts G, Kermani NZ, Incalzi RA, Louis R, Andersson LI, Wagers SS, Dahlen S-E, Chung KF, Adcock IM, Spruit MA, U-BIOPRED SGet al., 2024,

    Clinical importance of patient-reported outcome measures in severe asthma: results from U-BIOPRED

    , Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, Vol: 22, ISSN: 1477-7525

    RationaleKnowledge about the clinical importance of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in severe asthma is limited.ObjectivesTo assess whether and to what extent asthma exacerbations affect changes in PROMS over time and asthma-specific PROMs can predict exacerbations in adult patients with severe asthma in usual care.MethodsData of 421 patients with severe asthma (62% female; mean age 51.9 ± 13.4 years; mean FEV1 67.5 ± 21.3%pred) from the U-BIOPRED cohort were analyzed. The included PROMs were: Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ5); Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ); Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS); Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS); Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS); Sino-Nasal Outcomes Test (SNOT20). Participants were assessed at baseline and after 12–18 months of usual care.ResultsPROMs showed very weak to weak correlations with clinical characteristics such as age, body mass index, FEV1, FeNO and eosinophilic cell count. Patients presenting no exacerbations during follow-up showed a statistically significant improvement in all PROMs (except for MARS), whereas individuals experiencing > 2 exacerbations showed a deterioration. Baseline ACQ5 was a predictor of exacerbations with an AUC of 0.590 (95%CI 0.514–0.666).ConclusionsThe association of PROMs with clinical measures was poor in severe asthmatics. Moreover, PROMs were prone to changes in usual care, with exacerbations playing a key role. PROMs need to be systematically evaluated in severe asthma to improve clinical care based on specific patient’s needs.
  • Journal article
    Agache I, Adcock IM, Akdis CA, Akdis M, Bentabol-Ramos G, van den Berge M, Boccabella C, Canonica WG, Caruso C, Couto M, Davila I, Drummond D, Fonseca J, Gherasim A, del Giacco S, Jackson DJ, Jutel M, Licari A, Loukides S, Moreira A, Mukherjee M, Ojanguren I, Palomares O, Papi A, Perez de Llano L, Price OJ, Rukhazde M, Shamji MH, Shaw D, Sanchez-Garcia S, Testera-Montes A, Torres MJ, Eguiluz-Gracia Iet al., 2024,

    The Bronchodilator and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists in Asthma: An EAACI Position Paper

    , ALLERGY, ISSN: 0105-4538
  • Journal article
    Parnham JC, Vrinten C, Cheeseman H, Bunce L, Hopkinson NS, Filippidis FT, Laverty AAet al., 2024,

    Changing awareness and sources of tobacco and e-cigarettes among children and adolescents in Great Britain

    , Tobacco Control, Vol: 33, Pages: e199-e207, ISSN: 0964-4563

    Introduction It is illegal in the UK to sell tobacco or nicotine e-cigarettes to people under the age of 18 years, as is displaying tobacco cigarettes at the point of sale. This paper examined changes in exposure to display of these products in shops and sources of these products among children and adolescent users over timeMethods Data from representative repeated online cross-sectional surveys of youth in Great Britain (11–18 years) were used (2018–2022; n=12 445). Outcome measures included noticing product displays and sources of e-cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes. Logistic regressions examined the associations of these outcome variables over time and with sociodemographic variables.Results Of 12 040 participants with complete data, 10.1% used some form of nicotine product (4.2% cigarettes, 2.9% e-cigarettes, 3.0% both) at least occasionally. The likelihood of noticing tobacco cigarettes on display fell over time for both supermarkets (2018: 67.1% to 2022: 58.5%) and small shops (2018: 81.3% to 2022: 66.3%), but the likelihood of noticing e-cigarettes in supermarkets rose (2018: 57.4% to 2022: 66.5%). Sources of tobacco cigarettes did not differ over time, but e-cigarette users were more likely to get their e-cigarettes from small shops in 2022 (51.2%) vs 2019 (34.2%) (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.24, 3.29).Conclusion This study provides evidence that current policies to limit awareness of and access to both tobacco and e-cigarettes among adolescents in the UK may not be effective. UK policies on the advertising, promotion and sale of both tobacco and e-cigarettes need to be reinforced to deter use among children and adolescents.
  • Journal article
    Belz DC, Putcha N, Alupo P, Siddharthan T, Baugh A, Hopkinson N, Castaldi P, Papi A, Mannino D, Miravitlles M, Han M, Fabbri LM, de Oca MM, Krishnan JA, Singh D, Martinez FJ, Hansel NN, Calverley Pet al., 2024,

    Call to Action: How Can We Promote the Development of New Pharmacologic Treatments in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?

    , AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE, Vol: 210, Pages: 1300-1307, ISSN: 1073-449X
  • Journal article
    Park K, Lee J-H, Shin E, Jang HY, Song W-J, Kwon H-S, Cho YS, Lee JE, Adcock I, Chung KF, Lee JS, Won S, Kim T-Bet al., 2024,

    Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals transcriptional changes in circulating immune cells from patients with severe asthma induced by biologics

    , Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Vol: 56, Pages: 2755-2762, ISSN: 1226-3613

    Patients with severe eosinophilic asthma often require systemic medication, including corticosteroids and anti-type 2 (T2) cytokine biologics, to control the disease. While anti-IL5 and anti-IL4Rα antibodies suppress the effects of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, the molecular pathways modified by these biologics that are associated with clinical improvement remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to describe the effects of T2-targeting biologics on the gene expression of blood immune cells. We conducted single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from eight patients with severe eosinophilic asthma treated with mepolizumab, reslizumab, or dupilumab. PBMCs were obtained before the initiation of biologics and at 1- and 6-month timepoints after the initiation of treatment to elucidate treatment-induced changes. During treatment, the proportions of T cells/natural killer (NK) cells, myeloid cells, and B cells did not change. However, the composition of classical monocytes (CMs) changed: IL1B+ CMs were reduced, and S100A+ CMs were increased. The subsets of T cells also changed, and significant downregulation of the NF-κB pathway was observed. The genes related to the NF-κB pathway were suppressed across T/NK, myeloid, and B cells. The transcriptional landscape did not significantly change after the first month of treatment, but marked changes occurred at six-month intervals. In conclusion, regardless of the type of biologics used, suppression of T2-mediated pathways ultimately reduces the expression of genes related to NF-κB signaling in circulating immune cells. Further studies are warranted to identify potential biomarkers related to treatment response and long-term outcomes.
  • Journal article
    Guo Y, Donnelly LE, 2024,

    Identification of an emphysema-specific ATII cell: a step towards understanding impaired lung regeneration in COPD?

    , EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL, Vol: 64, ISSN: 0903-1936
  • Journal article
    Gil-Mata S, Teixeira T, Bedbrook A, Bousquet J, Sousa-Pinto B, Vieira RJ, Asllani J, Douagui H, Asayag E, Elizabeth CM, Crisci CD, Gomez RM, Ivancevich JC, Jares E, Máspero JF, Moreno P, Neffen HE, Zernotti ME, Bosnic-Anticevich S, Chahhoud Carson K, Cvetkovski B, Davies JM, Kritikos V, O'Hehir R, Oliver B, Tan HR, Tattersall J, Zubrinich C, Aberer W, Niederberger-Leppin V, Pali-Schöll I, Doyen V, Ebo D, Louis R, Rombaux P, Scheire S, Bennoor K, Barreto BA, Camargos P, Chong-Neto HJ, Cruz AA, da Silva J, Marta G, Rizzo JA, Rosario Filho N, Faradiba SS, Solé D, Urrutia-Pereira M, Christoff G, Mariana M-P, Cvetanka O, Popov TA, Vicheva D, Teixeira Maria DC, Bouchard J, Brozek J, Chu DK, Denburg J, Eiwegger T, Keith PK, To T, Waserman S, Abusada N, Alvarez Cuesta E, Calvo-Gil MA, Guzmán MA, Pérez Gomez T, Wong Gary WK, Zhang L, Caraballo L, Cepeda Sarabia A, Nyembue D, Soto-Martinez M, Miculinic N, Plavec D, Pitsios C, Yiallouros P, Panzner P, Sova M, Vachova M, Bindslev-Jensen C, Dahl R, Malling H-J, Münter L, Poulsen LK, Charlotte SU, Tannert LK, Mahboub B, Salameh L, Cherrez-Ojeda I, Robles DGK, El-Owaidy RH, El-Sayed ZA, El-Sayed SS, Hossny E, Mostafa BE, Julge K, Billo NE, Eklund P, Erhola M, Haahtela T, Karjalainen J, Makela M, Toppila-Salmi S, Valovirta E, Vasankari T, Annesi-Maesano I, Bossé I, Bourgoin-Heck M, Charpin D, Coste A, de Blay F, Devillier P, Didier A, Dinh-Xuan AT, Fontaine J-F, Just J, Nadif R, Pham-Thi N, Pigearias B, Roche N, Ganse Eric V, Chkhartishvili E, Gamkrelidze A, Gotua M, Becker S, Bergmann K-C, Bieber T, Brehler R, Buhl R, Chaker AM, Darsow U, Hamelmann E, Heinrich J, Keil T, Klimek L, Kolkhir P, Lau S, Maurer M, Mösges R, Neou A, Pfaar O, Ring J, Wagenmann M, Zuberbier T, Ramanauskaite A, Lingnau A, Christou D, Neisinger S, Aggelidis X, Constantinidis J, Dimou M, Grigoreas C, Kapsali T, Katotomichelakis M, Loukides S, Makris M, Manousakis E, Mikos N, Pagkalos A, Papadopoulos NG, Papanikolaou V, Paraskevopoulos G, Piskou K, Prokopakiset al., 2024,

    Perceptions of the impact of individual allergic rhinitis symptoms: a survey of ARIA clinical experts

    , The World Allergy Organization Journal, Vol: 17, ISSN: 1939-4551

    BackgroundAllergic rhinitis (AR) is a highly prevalent disease. We aimed to assess the symptoms that physicians who see patients with AR perceive as the most bothersome in their patients.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional study based on an online questionnaire sent to all members of the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) initiative. The survey included questions on the physicians' perceptions of patients’ AR symptoms as well as of their own AR symptoms.ResultsAmong 401 respondents, 155 (38.7%) reported having AR. ARIA members reported nasal symptoms to be the most frequent (89.7%) and bothersome (80.0%) symptoms experienced by themselves. Likewise, nasal symptoms were reported by ARIA members as the most frequent (94.8% in members with AR vs 96.0% in members without AR) and bothersome (57.0% in members with AR vs 67.9% in members without AR) in their patients. We found a significant association (p = 0.001) between physicians’ own symptoms and those perceived as the most bothersome in their patients.ConclusionPhysicians perceive nasal symptoms to be the most frequent and the most bothersome symptoms in AR patients. The physicians' personal experiences with AR may influence their perception of patients’ symptoms.
  • Journal article
    Pham DD, Lee J-H, Kwon H-S, Song W-J, Cho YS, Kim H, Kwon J-W, Park S-Y, Kim S, Hur GY, Kim BK, Nam Y-H, Yang M-S, Kim M-Y, Kim S-H, Lee B-J, Lee T, Park SY, Kim M-H, Cho Y-J, Park C, Jung J-W, Park HK, Kim J-H, Moon J-Y, Bhavsar P, Adcock IM, Chung KF, Kim T-Bet al., 2024,

    Longitudinal multi-trajectory phenotypes of severe eosinophilic asthma on type 2 biologics treatment

    , The World Allergy Organization Journal, Vol: 17, ISSN: 1939-4551

    BackgroundLimited understanding exists regarding the progression trajectory of severe eosinophilic asthma (SEA) patients on type 2 biologics therapies.ObjectiveWe aim to explore distinct longitudinal phenotypes of these patients based on crucial asthma biomarkers.MethodsWe enrolled 101 adult patients with SEA. Of these, 51 were treated with anti-IL5/IL5Rα or anti-IL5/IL5RαR antibody, and 50 with anti-IL-4Rα antibody. Multi-trajectory analysis, an extension of univariate group-based trajectory modeling, was used to categorize patients based on their trajectories of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), blood eosinophil counts (BEC), and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels at baseline, and after 1, 6, and 12 months of treatment. Associations between trajectory-based clusters and clinical parameters were examined.ResultsAmong anti-IL5/IL5Rα antibody-treated patients, 2 clusters were identified. The cluster characterized by higher baseline BEC and lower FEV1 showed a better response, with improvements in FEV1 and reductions in BEC over time. Among anti-IL-4Rα antibody-treated, 3 clusters were identified. Clusters with moderate BEC and FeNO at baseline demonstrated better improvements in FEV1 and reductions in FeNO, despite increased BEC during follow-up. Conversely, individuals with extremely low FeNO and high BEC at baseline were more likely to experience poorer progression, demonstrating an increase in FeNO and a reduction in FEV1.ConclusionTo optimally monitor treatment response in SEA patients on type 2 biologics, integrating longitudinal biomarker features is essential.

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