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  • Journal article
    Nakamura R, Baumjohann W, Nakamura TKM, Panov E, Schmid D, Varsani A, Apatenkov S, Sergeev VA, Birn J, Nagai T, Gabrielse C, Andre M, Burch JL, Carr C, Dandouras IS, Escoubet CP, Fazakerley AN, Giles BL, Le Contel O, Russell CT, Torbert RBet al., 2021,

    Thin current sheet behind the dipolarization front

    , JGR: Space Physics, Vol: 126, Pages: 1-19, ISSN: 2169-9402

    We report a unique conjugate observation of fast flows and associated current sheet disturbances in the near-Earth magnetotail by MMS (Magnetospheric Multiscale) and Cluster preceding a positive bay onset of a small substorm at ∼14:10 UT, September 8, 2018. MMS and Cluster were located both at X ∼ −14 RE. A dipolarization front (DF) of a localized fast flow was detected by Cluster and MMS, separated in the dawn-dusk direction by ∼4 RE, almost simultaneously. Adiabatic electron acceleration signatures revealed from the comparison of the energy spectra confirm that both spacecraft encounter the same DF. We analyzed the change in the current sheet structure based on multi-scale multi-point data analysis. The current sheet thickened during the passage of DF, yet, temporally thinned subsequently associated with another flow enhancement centered more on the dawnward side of the initial flow. MMS and Cluster observed intense perpendicular and parallel current in the off-equatorial region mainly during this interval of the current sheet thinning. Maximum field-aligned currents both at MMS and Cluster are directed tailward. Detailed analysis of MMS data showed that the intense field-aligned currents consisted of multiple small-scale intense current layers accompanied by enhanced Hall-currents in the dawn-dusk flow-shear region. We suggest that the current sheet thinning is related to the flow bouncing process and/or to the expansion/activation of reconnection. Based on these mesoscale and small-scale multipoint observations, 3D evolution of the flow and current-sheet disturbances was inferred preceding the development of a substorm current wedge.
  • Journal article
    Archer M, Hartinger M, Plaschke F, Southwood D, Rastaetter Let al., 2021,

    Magnetopause ripples going against the flow form azimuthally stationary surface waves

    , Nature Communications, Vol: 12, Pages: 1-14, ISSN: 2041-1723

    Surface waves process the turbulent disturbances which drive dynamics in many space, astrophysical and laboratory plasma systems, with the outer boundary of Earth’s magnetosphere, the magnetopause, providing an accessible environment to study them. Like waves on water, magnetopause surface waves are thought to travel in the direction of the driving solar wind, hence a paradigm in global magnetospheric dynamics of tailward propagation has been well-established. Here we show through multi-spacecraft observations, global simulations, and analytic theory that the lowest-frequency impulsively-excited magnetopause surface waves, with standing structure along the terrestrial magnetic field, propagate against the flow outside the boundary. Across a wide local time range (09–15h) the waves’ Poynting flux exactly balances the flow’s advective effect, leading to no net energy flux and thus stationary structure across the field also. Further down the equatorial flanks, however, advection dominates hence the waves travel downtail, seeding fluctuations at the resonant frequency which subsequently grow in amplitude via the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and couple to magnetospheric body waves. This global response, contrary to the accepted paradigm, has implications on radiation belt, ionospheric, and auroral dynamics and potential applications to other dynamical systems.
  • Journal article
    Tenerani A, Sioulas N, Matteini L, Panasenco O, Shi C, Velli Met al., 2021,

    Evolution of switchbacks in the inner heliosphere

    , Letters of the Astrophysical Journal, Vol: 919, Pages: 1-7, ISSN: 2041-8205

    We analyze magnetic field data from the first six encounters of Parker Solar Probe, three Helios fast streams and two Ulysses south polar passes covering heliocentric distances 0.1 ≲ R ≲ 3 au. We use this data set to statistically determine the evolution of switchbacks of different periods and amplitudes with distance from the Sun. We compare the radial evolution of magnetic field variances with that of the mean square amplitudes of switchbacks, and quantify the radial evolution of the cumulative counts of switchbacks per kilometer. We find that the amplitudes of switchbacks decrease faster than the overall turbulent fluctuations, in a way consistent with the radial decrease of the mean magnetic field. This could be the result of a saturation of amplitudes and may be a signature of decay processes of large amplitude Alfvénic fluctuations in the solar wind. We find that the evolution of switchback occurrence in the solar wind is scale dependent: the fraction of longer-duration switchbacks increases with radial distance, whereas it decreases for shorter switchbacks. This implies that switchback dynamics is a complex process involving both decay and in situ generation in the inner heliosphere. We confirm that switchbacks can be generated by the expansion, although other types of switchbacks generated closer to the Sun cannot be ruled out.
  • Journal article
    Goldman M, Newman DL, Eastwood JP, Lapenta G, Burch JL, Giles Bet al., 2021,

    Multi-beam energy moments of measured compound ion velocity distributions

    , Physics of Plasmas, Vol: 28, ISSN: 1070-664X

    Compound ion distributions, fi(v), have been measured with high-time resolution by NASA's Magnetospheric Multi-Scale Mission (MMS) and have been found in reconnection simulations. A compound distribution, fi(v), consisting, for example, of essentially disjoint pieces will be called a multi-beam distribution and modeled as a sum of “beams,” fi(v) = f1(v) + ⋯ + fN(v). Velocity moments of fi(v) are taken beam by beam and summed. Such multi-beam moments of fi(v) have advantages over the customary standard velocity moments of fi(v), for which there is only one mean flow velocity. For example, the standard thermal energy moment of a pair of equal and opposite cold particle beams is non-zero even though each beam has zero thermal energy. We therefore call this thermal energy pseudothermal. By contrast, a multi-beam moment of two or more beams has no pseudothermal energy. We develop three different ways of approximating a compound ion velocity distribution, fi(v), as a sum of beams and finding multi-beam moments for both a compound fi(v) measured by MMS in the dayside magnetosphere during reconnection and a compound fi(v) found in a particle-in-cell simulation of magnetotail reconnection. The three methods are (i) a visual method in which the velocity centroid of each beam is estimated and the beam densities are determined self-consistently, (ii) a k-means method in which particles in a particle representation of fi(v) are sorted into a minimum energy configuration of N (= k) clusters, and (iii) a nonlinear least squares method based on a fit to a sum of N kappa functions. Multi-beam energy moments are calculated and compared with standard moments for the thermal energy density, pressure tensor, thermal energy flux (heat plus enthalpy fluxes), bulk kinetic energy density, ram pressure, and bulk kinetic energy flux. Applying this new formalism to real data demonstrates in detail how multi-beam techniques provide new insig
  • Journal article
    Wang S, Toumi R, Ye Q, Ke Q, Bricker J, Tian Z, Sun Let al., 2021,

    Is the tropical cyclone surge in Shanghai more sensitive to landfall location or intensity change?

    , Atmospheric Science Letters, Vol: 22, ISSN: 1530-261X

    It has been shown that the proportion of intense tropical cyclones (TCs) has been increasing together with a poleward migration of TC track. However, their relative importance to TC surge at landfall remains unknown. Here we examine the sensitivity of TC surge in Shanghai to landfall location and intensity with a new dynamical modelling framework. We find a surge sensitivity of 0.8 m (°N)−1 to landfall location, and 0.1 m (m s−1)−1 to wind speed in Shanghai during landfall. The landfall location and intensity are comparably important to surge variation. However, based on a plausible range of reported trends of TC poleward migration and intensity, the potential surge hazard due to poleward migration is estimated to be about three times larger than that by intensity change. The long-term surge risk in Shanghai is therefore substantially more sensitive to changes of TC track and landfall location than intensity. This may also be true elsewhere and in the future.
  • Journal article
    Ke Q, Yin J, Bricker JD, Savage N, Buonomo E, Ye Q, Visser P, Dong G, Wang S, Tian Z, Sun L, Toumi R, Jonkman SNet al., 2021,

    An integrated framework of coastal flood modelling under the failures of sea dikes: a case study in Shanghai

    , Natural Hazards, Vol: 109, Pages: 671-703, ISSN: 0921-030X

    Climate change leads to sea level rise worldwide, as well as increases in the intensity and frequency of tropical cyclones (TCs). Storm surge induced by TC’s, together with spring tides, threatens to cause failure of flood defenses, resulting in massive flooding in low-lying coastal areas. However, limited research has been done on the combined effects of the increasing intensity of TCs and sea level rise on the characteristics of coastal flooding due to the failure of sea dikes. This paper investigates the spatial variation of coastal flooding due to the failure of sea dikes subject to past and future TC climatology and sea level rise, via a case study of a low-lying deltaic city- Shanghai, China. Using a hydrodynamic model and a spectral wave model, storm tide and wave parameters were calculated as input for an empirical model of overtopping discharge rate. The results show that the change of storm climatology together with relative sea level rise (RSLR) largely exacerbates the coastal hazard for Shanghai in the future, in which RSLR is likely to have a larger effect than the TC climatology change on future coastal flooding in Shanghai. In addition, the coastal flood hazard will increase to a large extent in terms of the flood water volume for each corresponding given return period. The approach developed in this paper can also be utilized to investigate future flood risk for other low-lying coastal regions.
  • Journal article
    Misios S, Kasoar M, Kasoar E, Gray L, Haigh J, Stathopoulos S, Kourtidis K, Myhre G, Olivie D, Shindell D, Tang Tet al., 2021,

    Similar patterns of tropical precipitation and circulation changes under solar and greenhouse gas forcing

    , Environmental Research Letters, Vol: 16, Pages: 1-10, ISSN: 1748-9326

    Theory and model evidence indicate a higher global hydrological sensitivity for the same amount of surface warming to solar as to greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing, but regional patterns are highly uncertain due to their dependence on circulation and dynamics. We analyse a multi-model ensemble of idealized experiments and a set of simulations of the last millennium and we demonstrate similar global signatures and patterns of forced response in the tropical Pacific, of higher sensitivity for the solar forcing. In the idealized simulations, both solar and GHG forcing warm the equatorial Pacific, enhance precipitation in the central Pacific, and weaken and shift the Walker circulation eastward. Centennial variations in the solar forcing over the last millennium cause similar patterns of enhanced equatorial precipitation and slowdown of the Walker circulation in response to periods with stronger solar forcing. Similar forced patterns albeit of considerably weaker magnitude are identified for variations in GHG concentrations over the 20th century, with the lower sensitivity explained by fast atmospheric adjustments. These findings differ from previous studies that have typically suggested divergent responses in tropical precipitation and circulation between the solar and GHG forcings. We conclude that tropical Walker circulation and precipitation might be more susceptible to solar variability rather than GHG variations during the last-millennium, assuming comparable global mean surface temperature changes.
  • Journal article
    Zomerdijk-Russell S, Masters A, Heyner D, 2021,

    Variability of the interplanetary magnetic field as a driver of electromagnetic induction in Mercury’s interior

    , Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol: 126, Pages: 1-15, ISSN: 2169-9380

    Mercury’s magnetosphere is a unique and dynamic system, primarily due to the proximity of the planet to the Sun and its small size. Interactions between solar wind and embedded Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) and the dayside Hermean magnetosphere drive an electric current on the system’s magnetopause boundary. So far, electromagnetic induction due to magnetopause motion in response to changing external pressure has been used to constrain Mercury’s iron core size. Here we assess the impact a changing IMF direction has on the Hermean magnetopause currents, and the resulting inducing magnetic field. Observations made by MESSENGER during dayside magnetopause boundary crossings in the first ‘hot season’, are used to demonstrate the importance of the IMF direction to Mercury’s magnetopause currents. Our 16 boundary crossings show that introduction of external IMFs change the magnetopause current direction by 10° to 100°, compared to the case where only the internal planetary field is considered. Analytical modelling was used to fill in the bigger picture and suggests for an east-west reversal of the IMF, typical of the heliospheric current 3 sheet sweeping over Mercury’s magnetosphere, the inducing field at Mercury’s surface caused by the resulting magnetopause current dynamics is on the order of 30% of the global planetary field. These results suggest that IMF variability alone has an appreciable effect on Mercury’s magnetopause current and generates a significant inducing magnetic field around the planet. The arrival of the BepiColombo mission will allow this response to be further explored as a method of probing Mercury’s interior.
  • Journal article
    Moore KMM, Bolton B, Cao H, Dougherty MK, Bloxham Jet al., 2021,

    No Evidence for Time Variation in Saturn's Internal Magnetic Field

    , PLANETARY SCIENCE JOURNAL, Vol: 2
  • Journal article
    Szalay JR, Pokorny P, Malaspina DM, Pusack A, Bale SD, Battams K, Gasque LC, Goetz K, Kruger H, McComas DJ, Schwadron NA, Strub Pet al., 2021,

    Collisional Evolution of the Inner Zodiacal Cloud

    , PLANETARY SCIENCE JOURNAL, Vol: 2
  • Journal article
    Pusack A, Malaspina DM, Szalay JR, Bale SD, Goetz K, MacDowall RJ, Pulupa Met al., 2021,

    Dust Directionality and an Anomalous Interplanetary Dust Population Detected by the Parker Solar Probe

    , PLANETARY SCIENCE JOURNAL, Vol: 2
  • Journal article
    Fargette N, Lavraud B, Rouillard AP, Reville V, De Wit TD, Froment C, Halekas JS, Phan TD, Malaspina DM, Bale SD, Kasper JC, Louarn P, Case AW, Korreck KE, Larson DE, Pulupa M, Stevens ML, Whittlesey PL, Berthomier Met al., 2021,

    Characteristic Scales of Magnetic Switchback Patches Near the Sun and Their Possible Association With Solar Supergranulation and Granulation

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 919, ISSN: 0004-637X
  • Journal article
    Arridge CS, Eggington JWB, 2021,

    Electromagnetic induction in the icy satellites of Uranus

    , ICARUS, Vol: 367, ISSN: 0019-1035
  • Journal article
    Desai R, Eastwood J, Horne R, Allison H, Allanson O, Watt C, Eggington J, Glauert S, Meredith N, Archer M, Staples F, Mejnertsen L, Tong J, Chittenden Jet al., 2021,

    Drift orbit bifurcations and cross-field transport in the outer radiation belt: global MHD and integrated test-particle simulations

    , Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol: 126, Pages: 1-14, ISSN: 2169-9380

    Energetic particle fluxes in the outer magnetosphere present a significant challenge to modellingefforts as they can vary by orders of magnitude in response to solar wind driving conditions. In thisarticle, we demonstrate the ability to propagate test particles through global MHD simulations to ahigh level of precision and use this to map the cross-field radial transport associated with relativisticelectrons undergoing drift orbit bifurcations (DOBs). The simulations predict DOBs primarily occurwithin an Earth radius of the magnetopause loss cone and appears significantly different for southwardand northward interplanetary magnetic field orientations. The changes to the second invariant areshown to manifest as a dropout in particle fluxes with pitch angles close to 90◦and indicate DOBsare a cause of butterfly pitch angle distributions within the night-time sector. The convective electricfield, not included in previous DOB studies, is found to have a significant effect on the resultant longterm transport, and losses to the magnetopause and atmosphere are identified as a potential methodfor incorporating DOBs within Fokker-Planck transport models.
  • Journal article
    Lario D, Richardson IG, Palmerio E, Lugaz N, Bale SD, Stevens ML, Cohen CMS, Giacalone J, Mitchell DG, Szabo A, Nieves-Chinchilla T, Wilson LB, Christian ER, Hill ME, McComas DJ, McNutt RL, Schwadron NA, Wiedenbeck MEet al., 2021,

    Comparative Analysis of the 2020 November 29 Solar Energetic Particle Event Observed by Parker Solar Probe

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 920, ISSN: 0004-637X
  • Journal article
    Gingell I, Schwartz SJ, Kucharek H, Farrugia CJ, Trattner KJet al., 2021,

    Observing the prevalence of thin current sheets downstream of Earth's bow shock

    , PHYSICS OF PLASMAS, Vol: 28, ISSN: 1070-664X
  • Journal article
    Verscharen D, Bale SD, Velli M, 2021,

    Flux conservation, radial scalings, Mach numbers, and critical distances in the solar wind: magnetohydrodynamics and <i>Ulysses</i> observations

    , MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Vol: 506, Pages: 4993-5004, ISSN: 0035-8711
  • Journal article
    Telloni D, Andretta V, Antonucci E, Bemporad A, Capuano GE, Fineschi S, Giordano S, Habbal S, Perrone D, Pinto RF, Sorriso-Valvo L, Spadaro D, Susino R, Woodham LD, Zank GP, Romoli M, Bale SD, Kasper JC, Auchère F, Bruno R, Capobianco G, Case AW, Casini C, Casti M, Chioetto P, Corso AJ, Da Deppo V, De Leo Y, Dudok de Wit T, Frassati F, Frassetto F, Goetz K, Guglielmino SL, Harvey PR, Heinzel P, Jerse G, Korreck KE, Landini F, Larson D, Liberatore A, Livi R, MacDowall RJ, Magli E, Malaspina DM, Massone G, Messerotti M, Moses JD, Naletto G, Nicolini G, Nisticò G, Panasenco O, Pancrazzi M, Pelizzo MG, Pulupa M, Reale F, Romano P, Sasso C, Schühle U, Stangalini M, Stevens ML, Strachan L, Straus T, Teriaca L, Uslenghi M, Velli M, Verscharen D, Volpicelli CA, Whittlesey P, Zangrilli L, Zimbardo G, Zuppella Pet al., 2021,

    Exploring the solar wind from its source on the corona into the inner heliosphere during the first solar orbiter-parker solar probe quadrature

    , The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol: 920, Pages: L14-L14

    This Letter addresses the first Solar Orbiter (SO)–Parker Solar Probe (PSP) quadrature, occurring on 2021 January 18 to investigate the evolution of solar wind from the extended corona to the inner heliosphere. Assuming ballistic propagation, the same plasma volume observed remotely in the corona at altitudes between 3.5 and 6.3 solar radii above the solar limb with the Metis coronagraph on SO can be tracked to PSP, orbiting at 0.1 au, thus allowing the local properties of the solar wind to be linked to the coronal source region from where it originated. Thanks to the close approach of PSP to the Sun and the simultaneous Metis observation of the solar corona, the flow-aligned magnetic field and the bulk kinetic energy flux density can be empirically inferred along the coronal current sheet with an unprecedented accuracy, allowing in particular estimation of the Alfvén radius at 8.7 solar radii during the time of this event. This is thus the very first study of the same solar wind plasma as it expands from the sub-Alfvénic solar corona to just above the Alfvén surface.
  • Journal article
    Fowler CM, Hanley KG, McFadden JP, Chaston CC, Bonnell JW, Halekas JS, Espley JR, DiBraccio GA, Schwartz SJ, Mazelle C, Mitchell DL, Xu S, Lillis RJet al., 2021,

    MAVEN Observations of Low Frequency Steepened Magnetosonic Waves and Associated Heating of the Martian Nightside Ionosphere

    , JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS, Vol: 126, ISSN: 2169-9380
  • Journal article
    Mitchell JG, De Nolfo GA, Hill ME, Christian ER, Richardson IG, McComas DJ, McNutt RL, Mitchell DG, Schwadron NA, Bale SD, Giacalone J, Joyce CJ, Niehof JT, Szalay JRet al., 2021,

    Energetic Electron Observations by Parker Solar Probe/IS⊙IS during the First Widespread SEP Event of Solar Cycle 25 on 2020 November 29

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 919, ISSN: 0004-637X
  • Journal article
    Page B, Vasko IY, Artemyev A, Bale SDet al., 2021,

    Generation of High-frequency Whistler Waves in the Earth's Quasi-perpendicular Bow Shock

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 919, ISSN: 2041-8205
  • Journal article
    Guo RL, Yao ZH, Dunn WR, Palmaerts B, Sergis N, Grodent D, Badman SV, Ye SY, Pu ZY, Mitchell DG, Zhang BZ, Achilleos N, Coates AJ, Wei Y, Waite JH, Krupp N, Dougherty MKet al., 2021,

    A Rotating Azimuthally Distributed Auroral Current System on Saturn Revealed by the Cassini Spacecraft

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 919, ISSN: 2041-8205
  • Journal article
    Rymer AM, Runyon KD, Clyde B, Nunez JI, Nikoukar R, Soderlund KM, Sayanagi K, Hofstadter M, Quick LC, Stern SA, Becker T, Hedman M, Cohen I, Crary F, Fortney JJ, Vertesi J, Hansen C, de Pater I, Paty C, Spilker T, Stallard T, Hospodarsky GB, Smith HT, Wakeford H, Moran SE, Annex A, Schenk P, Ozimek M, Arrieta J, McNutt Jr RL, Masters A, Simon AA, Ensor S, Apland CT, Bruzzi J, Patthoff DA, Scott C, Campo C, Krupiarz C, Cochrane CJ, Gantz C, Rodriguez D, Gallagher D, Hurley D, Crowley D, Abel E, Provornikova E, Turtle EP, Clark G, Wilkes J, Hunt J, Roberts JH, Rehm J, Murray K, Wolfarth L, Fletcher LN, Spilker L, Martin ES, Parisi M, Norkus M, Izenberg N, Stough R, Vervack Jr RJ, Mandt K, Stevenson KB, Kijewski S, Cheng W, Feldman JD, Allen G, Prabhu D, Dutta S, Young C, Williams Jet al., 2021,

    Neptune Odyssey: A Flagship Concept for the Exploration of the Neptune-Triton System

    , PLANETARY SCIENCE JOURNAL, Vol: 2
  • Journal article
    Salvi P, Ceppi P, Gregory JM, 2021,

    Interpreting the dependence of cloud‐radiative adjustment on forcing agent

    , Geophysical Research Letters, Vol: 48, ISSN: 0094-8276

    Effective radiative forcing includes a contribution by rapid adjustments, that is, changes in temperature, water vapor, and clouds that modify the energy budget. Cloud adjustments in particular have been shown to depend strongly on forcing agent. We perform idealized atmospheric heating experiments to demonstrate a relationship between cloud adjustment and the vertical profile of imposed radiative heating: boundary-layer heating causes a positive cloud adjustment (a net downward radiative anomaly), while free-tropospheric heating yields a negative adjustment. This dependence is dominated by the shortwave effect of changes in low clouds. Much of the variation in cloud adjustment among common forcing agents such as CO2, CH4, solar forcing, and black carbon is explained by the “characteristic altitude” (i.e., the vertical center-of-mass) of their heating profiles, through its effect on tropospheric stability.
  • Journal article
    Tang T, Shindell D, Zhang Y, Voulgarakis A, Lamarque J-F, Myhre G, Faluvegi G, Samset BH, Andrews T, Olivie D, Takemura T, Lee Xet al., 2021,

    Distinct surface response to black carbon aerosols

    , Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol: 21, Pages: 13797-13809, ISSN: 1680-7316

    For the radiative impact of individual climate forcings, most previous studies focused on the global mean values at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), and less attention has been paid to surface processes, especially for black carbon (BC) aerosols. In this study, the surface radiative responses to five different forcing agents were analyzed by using idealized model simulations. Our analyses reveal that for greenhouse gases, solar irradiance, and scattering aerosols, the surface temperature changes are mainly dictated by the changes of surface radiative heating, but for BC, surface energy redistribution between different components plays a more crucial role. Globally, when a unit BC forcing is imposed at TOA, the net shortwave radiation at the surface decreases by −5.87±0.67 W m−2 (W m−2)−1 (averaged over global land without Antarctica), which is partially offset by increased downward longwave radiation (2.32±0.38 W m−2 (W m−2)−1 from the warmer atmosphere, causing a net decrease in the incoming downward surface radiation of −3.56±0.60 W m−2 (W m−2)−1. Despite a reduction in the downward radiation energy, the surface air temperature still increases by 0.25±0.08 K because of less efficient energy dissipation, manifested by reduced surface sensible (−2.88±0.43 W m−2 (W m−2)−1) and latent heat flux (−1.54±0.27 W m−2 (W m−2)−1), as well as a decrease in Bowen ratio (−0.20±0.07 (W m−2)−1). Such reductions of turbulent fluxes can be largely explained by enhanced air stability (0.07±0.02 K (W m−2)−1), measured as the difference of the potential temperature between 925 hPa and surface, and reduc
  • Journal article
    Hadid LZ, Genot V, Aizawa S, Milillo A, Zender J, Murakami G, Benkhoff J, Zouganelis I, Alberti T, Andre N, Bebesi Z, Califano F, Dimmock AP, Dosa M, Escoubet CP, Griton L, Ho GC, Horbury TS, Iwai K, Janvier M, Kilpua E, Lavraud B, Madar A, Miyoshi Y, Muller D, Pinto RF, Rouillard AP, Raines JM, Raouafi N, Sahraoui F, Sanchez-Cano B, Shiota D, Vainio R, Walsh Aet al., 2021,

    BepiColombo's Cruise Phase: Unique Opportunity for Synergistic Observations

    , FRONTIERS IN ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCES, Vol: 8, ISSN: 2296-987X
  • Journal article
    Shebanits O, Wahlund J-E, Waite JH, Dougherty MKet al., 2021,

    Conductivities of Titan's dusty ionosphere
  • Journal article
    Palchetti L, Brindley H, Bantges R, Buehler SA, Camy-Peyret C, Carli B, Cortesi U, Del Bianco S, Di Natale G, Dinelli BM, Feldman D, Huang XL, Labonnote LC, Libois Q, Maestri T, Mlynczak MG, Murray JE, Oetjen H, Ridolfi M, Riese M, Russell J, Saunders R, Serio Cet al., 2021,

    Completing the Picture: The FORUM Mission: Unique Satellite Data to Fully Reveal How Earth Radiates Energy to Space

    , Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol: 102, Pages: 851-855, ISSN: 0003-0007
  • Journal article
    Vuorinen L, Hietala H, Plaschke F, LaMoury ATet al., 2021,

    Magnetic field in magnetosheath jets: a statistical study of B-Z near the magnetopause

    , Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol: 126, ISSN: 2169-9380

    Magnetosheath jets travel from the bow shock toward the magnetopause, and some of them eventually impact it. Jet impacts have recently been linked to triggering magnetopause reconnection in case studies by Hietala et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl076525) and Nykyri et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ja026357). In this study, we focus on the enhancing or suppressing effect jets could have on reconnection by locally altering the magnetic shear via their own magnetic fields. Using observations from the years 2008–2011 made by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms spacecraft and solar wind OMNI data, we statistically study for the first time urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra56695:jgra56695-math-0002 within jets in the Geocentric Solar Magnetospheric coordinates. We find that urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra56695:jgra56695-math-0003 opposite to the prevailing interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra56695:jgra56695-math-0004 is roughly as common in jets as in the non-jet magnetosheath near the magnetopause, but these observations are distributed differently. 60–70% of jet intervals contain bursts of opposite polarity urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra56695:jgra56695-math-0005 in comparison to around 40urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra56695:jgra56695-math-0006 of similar non-jet intervals. The median duration of such a burst in jets is 10 s and strength is urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra56695:jgra56695-math-0007nT. We also investigate the prevalence of the type of strong urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra56695:jgra56695-math-0008nT pulses that Nykyri et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ja026357) linked to a substorm onset. In our data set, such pulses were observed in around 13% of jets. Our statistical results indicate that jets may have the potential to affect local magnetopause reconnection via their magnetic fields. Future studies are needed to determine whether such effects can be ob
  • Journal article
    Kellogg PJ, Bale SD, Goetz K, Monson SJet al., 2021,

    Toward a Physics Based Model of Hypervelocity Dust Impacts

    , JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS, Vol: 126, ISSN: 2169-9380

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