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  • Journal article
    Benseguane S, Guilbert-Lepoutre A, Lasue J, Besse S, Leyrat C, Beth A, Sitja MC, Grieger B, Capria MTet al., 2022,

    Evolution of pits at the surface of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

    , ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 668, ISSN: 0004-6361
  • Journal article
    Persson M, Aizawa S, Andre N, Barabash S, Saito Y, Harada Y, Heyner D, Orsini S, Fedorov A, Mazelle C, Futaana Y, Hadid LZ, Volwerk M, Collinson G, Sanchez-Cano B, Barthe A, Penou E, Yokota S, Genot V, Sauvaud JA, Delcourt D, Fraenz M, Modolo R, Milillo A, Auster H-U, Richter I, Mieth JZD, Louarn P, Owen CJ, Horbury TS, Asamura K, Matsuda S, Nilsson H, Wieser M, Alberti T, Varsani A, Mangano V, Mura A, Lichtenegger H, Laky G, Jeszenszky H, Masunaga K, Signoles C, Rojo M, Murakami Get al., 2022,

    BepiColombo mission confirms stagnation region of Venus and reveals its large extent

    , NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, Vol: 13
  • Journal article
    Fletcher LN, Helled R, Roussos E, Jones G, Charnoz S, André N, Andrews D, Bannister M, Bunce E, Cavalié T, Ferri F, Fortney J, Grassi D, Griton L, Hartogh P, Hueso R, Kaspi Y, Lamy L, Masters A, Melin H, Moses J, Mousis O, Nettleman N, Plainaki C, Schmidt J, Simon A, Tobie G, Tortora P, Tosi F, Turrini Det al., 2022,

    Ice giant system exploration within ESA’s Voyage 2050

    , Experimental Astronomy, Vol: 54, Pages: 1015-1025, ISSN: 0922-6435

    Of all the myriad environments in our Solar System, the least explored are the distant Ice Giants Uranus and Neptune, and their diverse satellite and ring systems. These ‘intermediate-sized’ worlds are the last remaining class of Solar System planet to be characterised by a dedicated robotic mission, and may shape the paradigm for the most common outcome of planetary formation throughout our galaxy. In response to the 2019 European Space Agency call for scientific themes in the 2030s and 2040s (known as Voyage 2050), we advocated that an international partnership mission to explore an Ice Giant should be a cornerstone of ESA’s science planning in the coming decade, targeting launch opportunities in the early 2030s. This article summarises the inter-disciplinary science opportunities presented in that White Paper [1], and briefly describes developments since 2019.
  • Journal article
    Verscharen D, Wicks RT, Alexandrova O, Bruno R, Burgess D, Chen CHK, D'Amicis R, De Keyser J, de Wit TD, Franci L, He J, Henri P, Kasahara S, Khotyaintsev Y, Klein KG, Lavraud B, Maruca BA, Maksimovic M, Plaschke F, Poedts S, Reynolds CS, Roberts O, Sahraoui F, Saito S, Salem CS, Saur J, Servidio S, Stawarz JE, Stverak S, Told Det al., 2022,

    A case for electron-astrophysics

    , Experimental Astronomy: an international journal on astronomical instrumentation and data analysis, Vol: 54, Pages: 473-519, ISSN: 0922-6435

    The smallest characteristic scales, at which electron dynamics determines the plasma behaviour, are the next frontier in space and astrophysical plasma research. The analysis of astrophysical processes at these scales lies at the heart of the research theme of electron-astrophysics. Electron scales are the ultimate bottleneck for dissipation of plasma turbulence, which is a fundamental process not understood in the electron-kinetic regime. In addition, plasma electrons often play an important role for the spatial transfer of thermal energy due to the high heat flux associated with their velocity distribution. The regulation of this electron heat flux is likewise not understood. By focussing on these and other fundamental electron processes, the research theme of electron-astrophysics links outstanding science questions of great importance to the fields of space physics, astrophysics, and laboratory plasma physics. In this White Paper, submitted to ESA in response to the Voyage 2050 call, we review a selection of these outstanding questions, discuss their importance, and present a roadmap for answering them through novel space-mission concepts.
  • Journal article
    Mousis O, Bouquet A, Langevin Y, Andre N, Boithias H, Durry G, Faye F, Hartogh P, Helbert J, Iess L, Kempf S, Masters A, Postberg F, Renard J-B, Vernazza P, Vorburger A, Wurz P, Atkinson DH, Barabash S, Berthomier M, Brucato J, Cable M, Carter J, Cazaux S, Coustenis A, Danger G, Dehant V, Fornaro T, Garnier P, Gautier T, Groussin O, Hadid LZ, Ize J-C, Kolmasova I, Lebreton J-P, Le Maistre S, Lellouch E, Lunine JI, Mandt KE, Martins Z, Mimoun D, Nenon Q, Munoz Caro GM, Rannou P, Rauer H, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Schneeberger A, Simons M, Stephan K, Van Hoolst T, Vaverka J, Wieser M, Woerner Let al., 2022,

    Moonraker: Enceladus Multiple Flyby Mission

    , PLANETARY SCIENCE JOURNAL, Vol: 3
  • Journal article
    Pathak N, Ergun RE, Qi Y, Schwartz SJ, Vo T, Usanova ME, Hesse M, Phan TD, Drake JF, Eriksson S, Ahmadi N, Chasapis A, Wilder FD, Stawarz JE, Burch JL, Genestreti KJ, Torbert RB, Nakamura Ret al., 2022,

    Evidence of a Nonorthogonal X-line in Guide-field Magnetic Reconnection

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 941, ISSN: 2041-8205
  • Journal article
    Yamauchi M, De Keyser J, Parks G, Oyama S-I, Wurz P, Abe T, Beth A, Daglis IA, Dandouras I, Dunlop M, Henri P, Ivchenko N, Kallio E, Kucharek H, Liu YC-M, Mann I, Marghitu O, Nicolaou G, Rong Z, Sakanoi T, Saur J, Shimoyama M, Taguchi S, Tian F, Tsuda T, Tsurutani B, Turner D, Ulich T, Yau A, Yoshikawa Iet al., 2022,

    Plasma-neutral gas interactions in various space environments: Assessment beyond simplified approximations as a Voyage 2050 theme

    , Experimental Astronomy: an international journal on astronomical instrumentation and data analysis, Vol: 54, Pages: 521-559, ISSN: 0922-6435

    In the White Paper, submitted in response to the European Space Agency (ESA) Voyage 2050 Call, we present the importance of advancing our knowledge of plasma-neutral gas interactions, and of deepening our understanding of the partially ionized environments that are ubiquitous in the upper atmospheres of planets and moons, and elsewhere in space. In future space missions, the above task requires addressing the following fundamental questions: (A) How and by how much do plasma-neutral gas interactions influence the re-distribution of externally provided energy to the composing species? (B) How and by how much do plasma-neutral gas interactions contribute toward the growth of heavy complex molecules and biomolecules? Answering these questions is an absolute prerequisite for addressing the long-standing questions of atmospheric escape, the origin of biomolecules, and their role in the evolution of planets, moons, or comets, under the influence of energy sources in the form of electromagnetic and corpuscular radiation, because low-energy ion-neutral cross-sections in space cannot be reproduced quantitatively in laboratories for conditions of satisfying, particularly, (1) low-temperatures, (2) tenuous or strong gradients or layered media, and (3) in low-gravity plasma. Measurements with a minimum core instrument package (< 15 kg) can be used to perform such investigations in many different conditions and should be included in all deep-space missions. These investigations, if specific ranges of background parameters are considered, can also be pursued for Earth, Mars, and Venus.
  • Journal article
    Goetz C, Gunell H, Volwerk M, Beth A, Eriksson A, Galand M, Henri P, Nilsson H, Wedlund CS, Alho M, Andersson L, Andre N, De Keyser J, Deca J, Ge Y, Glassmeier K-H, Hajra R, Karlsson T, Kasahara S, Kolmasova I, LLera K, Madanian H, Mann I, Mazelle C, Odelstad E, Plaschke F, Rubin M, Sanchez-Cano B, Snodgrass C, Vigren Eet al., 2022,

    Cometary plasma science Open science questions for future space missions

    , Experimental Astronomy: an international journal on astronomical instrumentation and data analysis, Vol: 54, Pages: 1129-1167, ISSN: 0922-6435

    Comets hold the key to the understanding of our Solar System, its formation and its evolution, and to the fundamental plasma processes at work both in it and beyond it. A comet nucleus emits gas as it is heated by the sunlight. The gas forms the coma, where it is ionised, becomes a plasma, and eventually interacts with the solar wind. Besides these neutral and ionised gases, the coma also contains dust grains, released from the comet nucleus. As a cometary atmosphere develops when the comet travels through the Solar System, large-scale structures, such as the plasma boundaries, develop and disappear, while at planets such large-scale structures are only accessible in their fully grown, quasi-steady state. In situ measurements at comets enable us to learn both how such large-scale structures are formed or reformed and how small-scale processes in the plasma affect the formation and properties of these large scale structures. Furthermore, a comet goes through a wide range of parameter regimes during its life cycle, where either collisional processes, involving neutrals and charged particles, or collisionless processes are at play, and might even compete in complicated transitional regimes. Thus a comet presents a unique opportunity to study this parameter space, from an asteroid-like to a Mars- and Venus-like interaction. The Rosetta mission and previous fast flybys of comets have together made many new discoveries, but the most important breakthroughs in the understanding of cometary plasmas are yet to come. The Comet Interceptor mission will provide a sample of multi-point measurements at a comet, setting the stage for a multi-spacecraft mission to accompany a comet on its journey through the Solar System. This White Paper, submitted in response to the European Space Agency’s Voyage 2050 call, reviews the present-day knowledge of cometary plasmas, discusses the many questions that remain unanswered, and outlines a multi-spacecraft European Space Agency mission
  • Journal article
    Rodriguez S, Vinatier S, Cordier D, Tobie G, Achterberg RK, Anderson CM, Badman SV, Barnes JW, Barth EL, Bézard B, Carrasco N, Charnay B, Clark RN, Coll P, Cornet T, Coustenis A, Couturier-Tamburelli I, Dobrijevic M, Flasar FM, Kok RD, Freissinet C, Galand M, Gautier T, Geppert WD, Griffith CA, Gudipati MS, Hadid LZ, Hayes AG, Hendrix AR, Jauman R, Jennings DE, Jolly A, Kalousova K, Koskinen TT, Lavvas P, Lebonnois S, Lebreton J-P, Gall AL, Lellouch E, Mouélic SL, Lopes RMC, Lora JM, Lorenz RD, Lucas A, MacKenzie S, Malaska MJ, Mandt K, Mastrogiuseppe M, Newman CE, Nixon CA, Radebaugh J, Rafkin SC, Rannou P, Sciamma-O-Brien EM, Soderblom JM, Solomonidou A, Sotin C, Stephan K, Strobel D, Szopa C, Teanby NA, Turtle EP, Vuitton V, West RAet al., 2022,

    Science goals and new mission concepts for future exploration of Titan's atmosphere geology and habitability: Titan POlar Scout/orbitEr and In situ lake lander and DrONe explorer (POSEIDON)

    , Experimental Astronomy: an international journal on astronomical instrumentation and data analysis, Vol: 54, Pages: 911-973, ISSN: 0922-6435

    In response to ESA’s “Voyage 2050” announcement of opportunity, we propose an ambitious L-class mission to explore one of the most exciting bodies in the Solar System, Saturn’s largest moon Titan. Titan, a “world with two oceans”, is an organic-rich body with interior-surface-atmosphere interactions that are comparable in complexity to the Earth. Titan is also one of the few places in the Solar System with habitability potential. Titan’s remarkable nature was only partly revealed by the Cassini-Huygens mission and still holds mysteries requiring a complete exploration using a variety of vehicles and instruments. The proposed mission concept POSEIDON (Titan POlar Scout/orbitEr and In situ lake lander DrONe explorer) would perform joint orbital and in situ investigations of Titan. It is designed to build on and exceed the scope and scientific/technological accomplishments of Cassini-Huygens, exploring Titan in ways that were not previously possible, in particular through full close-up and in situ coverage over long periods of time. In the proposed mission architecture, POSEIDON consists of two major elements: a spacecraft with a large set of instruments that would orbit Titan, preferably in a low-eccentricity polar orbit, and a suite of in situ investigation components, i.e. a lake lander, a “heavy” drone (possibly amphibious) and/or a fleet of mini-drones, dedicated to the exploration of the polar regions. The ideal arrival time at Titan would be slightly before the next northern Spring equinox (2039), as equinoxes are the most active periods to monitor still largely unknown atmospheric and surface seasonal changes. The exploration of Titan’s northern latitudes with an orbiter and in situ element(s) would be highly complementary in terms of timing (with possible mission timing overlap), locations, and science goals with the upcoming NASA New Frontiers Dragonfly mission that will provide in situ exploration o
  • Journal article
    Bockelée-Morvan D, Filacchione G, Altwegg K, Bianchi E, Bizzarro M, Blum J, Bonal L, Capaccioni F, Choukroun M, Codella C, Cottin H, Davidsson B, De Sanctis MC, Drozdovskaya MN, Engrand C, Galand M, Güttler C, Henri P, Herique A, Ivanovski S, Kokotanekova R, Levasseur-Regourd A-C, Miller KE, Rotundi A, Schönbächler M, Snodgrass C, Thomas N, Tubiana C, Ulamec S, Vincent J-Bet al., 2022,

    AMBITION – comet nucleus cryogenic sample return

    , Experimental Astronomy, Vol: 54, Pages: 1077-1128, ISSN: 0922-6435

    We describe the AMBITION project, a mission to return the first-ever cryogenicallystored sample of a cometary nucleus, that has been proposed for the ESA ScienceProgramme Voyage 2050. Comets are the leftover building blocks of giant planetcores and other planetary bodies, and fingerprints of Solar System’s formation processes. We summarise some of the most important questions still open in cometaryscience and Solar System formation after the successful Rosetta mission. We showthat many of these scientific questions require sample analysis using techniques thatare only possible in laboratories on Earth. We summarize measurements, instrumentation and mission scenarios that can address these questions. We emphasize the needfor returning a sample collected at depth or, still more challenging, at cryogenic temperatures while preserving the stratigraphy of the comet nucleus surface layers. Weprovide requirements for the next generation of landers, for cryogenic sample acquisition and storage during the return to Earth. Rendezvous missions to the main beltcomets and Centaurs, expanding our knowledge by exploring new classes of comets,are also discussed. The AMBITION project is discussed in the international contextof comet and asteroid space exploration.
  • Journal article
    Retino A, Khotyaintsev Y, Le Contel O, Marcucci MF, Plaschke F, Vaivads A, Angelopoulos V, Blasi P, Burch J, De Keyser J, Dunlop M, Dai L, Eastwood J, Fu H, Haaland S, Hoshino M, Johlander A, Kepko L, Kucharek H, Lapenta G, Lavraud B, Malandraki O, Matthaeus W, McWilliams K, Petrukovich A, Pincon J-L, Saito Y, Sorriso-Valvo L, Vainio R, Wimmer-Schweingruber Ret al., 2022,

    Particle energization in space plasmas: towards a multi-point, multi-scale plasma observatory

    , Experimental Astronomy: an international journal on astronomical instrumentation and data analysis, Vol: 54, Pages: 427-471, ISSN: 0922-6435

    This White Paper outlines the importance of addressing the fundamental science theme “How are charged particles energized in space plasmas” through a future ESA mission. The White Paper presents five compelling science questions related to particle energization by shocks, reconnection, waves and turbulence, jets and their combinations. Answering these questions requires resolving scale coupling, nonlinearity, and nonstationarity, which cannot be done with existing multi-point observations. In situ measurements from a multi-point, multi-scale L-class Plasma Observatory consisting of at least seven spacecraft covering fluid, ion, and electron scales are needed. The Plasma Observatory will enable a paradigm shift in our comprehension of particle energization and space plasma physics in general, with a very important impact on solar and astrophysical plasmas. It will be the next logical step following Cluster, THEMIS, and MMS for the very large and active European space plasmas community. Being one of the cornerstone missions of the future ESA Voyage 2050 science programme, it would further strengthen the European scientific and technical leadership in this important field.
  • Journal article
    Roussos E, Allanson O, Andre N, Bertucci B, Branduardi-Raymont G, Clark G, Dialynas K, Dandouras I, Desai RT, Futaana Y, Gkioulidou M, Jones GH, Kollmann P, Kotova A, Kronberg EA, Krupp N, Murakami G, Nenon Q, Nordheim T, Palmaerts B, Plainaki C, Rae J, Santos-Costa D, Sarris T, Shprits Y, Sulaiman A, Woodfield E, Wu X, Yao Zet al., 2022,

    The in-situ exploration of Jupiter's radiation belts

    , Experimental Astronomy: an international journal on astronomical instrumentation and data analysis, Vol: 54, Pages: 745-789, ISSN: 0922-6435

    Jupiter has the most complex and energetic radiation belts in our Solar System and one of the most challenging space environments to measure and characterize in-depth. Their hazardous environment is also a reason why so many spacecraft avoid flying directly through their most intense regions, thus explaining how Jupiter’s radiation belts have kept many of their secrets so well hidden, despite having been studied for decades. In this paper we argue why these secrets are worth unveiling. Jupiter’s radiation belts and the vast magnetosphere that encloses them constitute an unprecedented physical laboratory, suitable for interdisciplinary and novel scientific investigations: from studying fundamental high energy plasma physics processes which operate throughout the Universe, such as adiabatic charged particle acceleration and nonlinear wave-particle interactions, to exploiting the astrobiological consequences of energetic particle radiation. The in-situ exploration of the uninviting environment of Jupiter’s radiation belts presents us with many challenges in mission design, science planning, instrumentation, and technology. We address these challenges by reviewing the different options that exist for direct and indirect observations of this unique system. We stress the need for new instruments, the value of synergistic Earth and Jupiter-based remote sensing and in-situ investigations, and the vital importance of multi-spacecraft in-situ measurements. While simultaneous, multi-point in-situ observations have long become the standard for exploring electromagnetic interactions in the inner Solar System, they have never taken place at Jupiter or any strongly magnetized planet besides Earth. We conclude that a dedicated multi-spacecraft mission to Jupiter is an essential and obvious way forward for exploring the planet’s radiation belts. Besides guaranteeing numerous discoveries and huge leaps in our understanding of radiation belt systems, such a mis
  • Journal article
    Goetz C, Behar E, Beth A, Bodewits D, Bromley S, Burch J, Deca J, Divin A, Eriksson AI, Feldman PD, Galand M, Gunell H, Henri P, Heritier K, Jones GH, Mandt KE, Nilsson H, Noonan JW, Odelstad E, Parker JW, Rubin M, Simon Wedlund C, Stephenson P, Taylor MGGT, Vigren E, Vines SK, Volwerk Met al., 2022,

    The plasma environment of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

    , Space Science Reviews, Vol: 218, Pages: 1-120, ISSN: 0038-6308

    The environment of a comet is a fascinating and unique laboratory to study plasma processes and the formation of structures such as shocks and discontinuities from electron scales to ion scales and above. The European Space Agency’s Rosetta mission collected data for more than two years, from the rendezvous with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in August 2014 until the final touch-down of the spacecraft end of September 2016. This escort phase spanned a large arc of the comet’s orbit around the Sun, including its perihelion and corresponding to heliocentric distances between 3.8 AU and 1.24 AU. The length of the active mission together with this span in heliocentric and cometocentric distances make the Rosetta data set unique and much richer than sets obtained with previous cometary probes. Here, we review the results from the Rosetta mission that pertain to the plasma environment. We detail all known sources and losses of the plasma and typical processes within it. The findings from in-situ plasma measurements are complemented by remote observations of emissions from the plasma. Overviews of the methods and instruments used in the study are given as well as a short review of the Rosetta mission. The long duration of the Rosetta mission provides the opportunity to better understand how the importance of these processes changes depending on parameters like the outgassing rate and the solar wind conditions. We discuss how the shape and existence of large scale structures depend on these parameters and how the plasma within different regions of the plasma environment can be characterised. We end with a non-exhaustive list of still open questions, as well as suggestions on how to answer them in the future.
  • Journal article
    Fowler CM, Hanley KG, McFadden J, Halekas J, Schwartz SJ, Mazelle C, Chaffin M, Mitchell D, Espley J, Ramstad R, Dong Y, Curry Set al., 2022,

    A MAVEN Case Study of Radial IMF at Mars: Impacts on the Dayside Ionosphere

    , JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS, Vol: 127, ISSN: 2169-9380
  • Journal article
    Shi C, Velli M, Bale SD, Reville V, Maksimovic M, Dakeyo J-Bet al., 2022,

    Acceleration of polytropic solar wind: Parker Solar Probe observation and one-dimensional model

    , PHYSICS OF PLASMAS, Vol: 29, ISSN: 1070-664X
  • Journal article
    Breneman AW, Wygant JR, Tian S, Cattell CA, Thaller SA, Goetz K, Tyler E, Colpitts C, Dai L, Kersten K, Bonnell JW, Bale SD, Mozer FS, Harvey PR, Dalton G, Ergun RE, Malaspina DM, Kletzing CA, Kurth WS, Hospodarsky GB, Smith C, Holzworth RH, Lejosne S, Agapitov O, Artemyev A, Hudson MK, Strangeway RJ, Baker DN, Li X, Albert J, Foster JC, Erickson PJ, Chaston CC, Mann I, Donovan E, Cully CM, Krasnoselskikh V, Blake JB, Millan R, Halford AJet al., 2022,

    The Van Allen Probes Electric Field and Waves Instrument: Science Results, Measurements, and Access to Data (Vol 218, 69, 2022)

    , SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS, Vol: 218, ISSN: 0038-6308
  • Journal article
    Breneman AW, Wygant JR, Tian S, Cattell CA, Thaller SA, Goetz K, Tyler E, Colpitts C, Dai L, Kersten K, Bonnell JW, Bale SD, Mozer FS, Harvey PR, Dalton G, Ergun RE, Malaspina DM, Kletzing CA, Kurth WS, Hospodarsky GB, Smith C, Holzworth RH, Lejosne S, Agapitov O, Artemyev A, Hudson MK, Strangeway RJ, Baker DN, Li X, Albert J, Foster JC, Erickson PJ, Chaston CC, Mann I, Donovan E, Cully CM, Krasnoselskikh V, Blake JB, Millan Ret al., 2022,

    The Van Allen Probes Electric Field and Waves Instrument: Science Results, Measurements, and Access to Data

    , SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS, Vol: 218, ISSN: 0038-6308
  • Journal article
    Arola A, Lipponen A, Kolmonen P, Virtanen TH, Bellouin N, Grosvenor DP, Gryspeerdt E, Quaas J, Kokkola Het al., 2022,

    Aerosol effects on clouds are concealed by natural cloud heterogeneity and satellite retrieval errors

    , Nature Communications, Vol: 13, Pages: 1-8, ISSN: 2041-1723

    One major source of uncertainty in the cloud-mediated aerosol forcing arises from the magnitude of the cloud liquid water path (LWP) adjustment to aerosol-cloud interactions, which is poorly constrained by observations. Many of the recent satellite-based studies have observed a decreasing LWP as a function of cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) as the dominating behavior. Estimating the LWP response to the CDNC changes is a complex task since various confounding factors need to be isolated. However, an important aspect has not been sufficiently considered: the propagation of natural spatial variability and errors in satellite retrievals of cloud optical depth and cloud effective radius to estimates of CDNC and LWP. Here we use satellite and simulated measurements to demonstrate that, because of this propagation, even a positive LWP adjustment is likely to be misinterpreted as negative. This biasing effect therefore leads to an underestimate of the aerosol-cloud-climate cooling and must be properly considered in future studies.
  • Journal article
    Wang B, Nishimura Y, Hietala H, Angelopoulos Vet al., 2022,

    Investigating the Role of Magnetosheath High-Speed Jets in Triggering Dayside Ground Magnetic Ultra-Low Frequency Waves

    , GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, Vol: 49, ISSN: 0094-8276
  • Journal article
    Wilson LB, Goodrich KA, Turner DL, Cohen IJ, Whittlesey PL, Schwartz SJet al., 2022,

    The need for accurate measurements of thermal velocity distribution functions in the solar wind

    , FRONTIERS IN ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCES, Vol: 9, ISSN: 2296-987X
  • Journal article
    Wimmer-Schweingruber RF, Andre N, Barabash S, Brandt PC, Horbury TS, Iess L, Lavraud B, McNutt RL, Provornikova EA, Quemerais E, Wicks R, Wieser M, Wurz Pet al., 2022,

    STELLA-Potential European contributions to a NASA-led interstellar probe

    , FRONTIERS IN ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCES, Vol: 9, ISSN: 2296-987X
  • Book chapter
    Beth A, Galand M, Simon Wedlund C, Eriksson Aet al., 2022,

    Cometary Ionospheres: An Updated Tutorial

    , Comets III, Editors: Meech, Combi, Publisher: University of Arizona Press

    This chapter aims at providing the tools and knowledge to understand and model the plasma environment surrounding comets in the innermost part near the nucleus. In particular, our goal is to give an updated post-Rosetta view of this ionised environment: what we knew, what we confirmed, what we overturned, and what we still do not understand.
  • Journal article
    Short B, Malaspina DMM, Halekas J, Romeo O, Verniero JL, Finley AJJ, Kasper JCC, Rahmati A, Bale SDD, Bonnell JWW, Case AWW, de Wit TD, Goetz K, Goodrich K, Harvey PRR, Korreck KEE, Larson D, Livi RJ, MacDowall RJ, Pulupa M, Stevens MLL, Whittlesey Pet al., 2022,

    Observations of Quiescent Solar Wind Regions with Near-<i>f</i> <sub>ce</sub> Wave Activity

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 940, ISSN: 0004-637X
  • Journal article
    Maunder ML, Foullon C, Forsyth R, Barnes D, Davies Jet al., 2022,

    Multi-Spacecraft Observations of an Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection Interacting with Two Solar-Wind Regimes Observed by the Ulysses and Twin-STEREO Spacecraft

    , Solar Physics, Vol: 297, ISSN: 0038-0938

    We present a combined study of a coronal mass ejection (CME), revealed in a unique orbital configuration that permits the analysis of remote-sensing observations on 27 June 2007 from the twin Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO)-A and -B spacecraft and of its subsequent in situ counterpart outside the ecliptic plane, the interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) observed on 04 July 2007 by Ulysses at 1.5 AU and heliographic-Earth-ecliptic coordinates system (HEE) 33° latitude and 49° longitude. We apply a triangulation method to the STEREO Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI) COR2 coronagraph images of the CME, and a self-similar expansion fitting method to STEREO/SECCHI Heliospheric Imager (HI)-B. At Ulysses we observe: a preceding forward shock, followed by a sheath region, a magnetic cloud, a rear forward shock, followed by a compression region due to a succeeding high-speed stream (HSS) interacting with the ICME. From a minimum variance analysis (MVA) and a length-scale analysis we infer that the magnetic cloud at Ulysses, with a duration of 24 h, has a west-north-east configuration, length scale of ≈0.2 AU, and mean expansion speed of 14.2 km s−1. The relatively small size of this ICME is likely to be a result of its interaction with the succeeding HSS. This ICME differs from the previously known over-expanding types observed by Ulysses, in that it straddles a region between the slow and fast solar wind that in itself drives the rear shock. We describe the agreements and limitations of these observations in comparison with 3D magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) heliospheric simulations of the ICME in the context of a complex solar-wind environment.
  • Journal article
    Masters A, Sergis N, Sulaiman A, Palmaerts B, Hunt Get al., 2022,

    Near-magnetic-field-aligned energetic electrons above Saturn’s dark polar regions

    , Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol: 127, Pages: 1-14, ISSN: 2169-9380

    Saturn's main auroral emissions define two oval-shaped regions, one encircling each magnetic pole. The regions at higher latitudes are generally “dark” (i.e., devoid of auroras), and are magnetically connected to the distant planetary magnetosphere where there is a much-debated interaction with the solar wind. Electric currents flow into the atmosphere along the magnetic field within these polar regions. Establishing whether polar magnetic flux is “open” or “closed” is key for diagnosing how the solar wind interaction works. Because energetic electrons moving almost parallel or anti-parallel to the magnetic field shed light on the field topology, we survey Cassini energetic particle data for rare instances when the spacecraft was able to measure these parts of the distribution in the polar field environment close to the planet. Over the entire mission we find 16 intervals when measurements at ∼0urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra57498:jgra57498-math-0001 and ∼180urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra57498:jgra57498-math-0002 pitch angles were made simultaneously without sunlight contamination. Across all the events, above-background field-aligned fluxes were measured intermittently by the >15 keV electron channels, extending up to ∼300 keV when present. Uni-directional anti-planetward fluxes were observed during 10 of the events, and bi-directional fluxes were observed during 6 of the events. We suggest the uni-directional anti-planetward fluxes indicate the presence of field-aligned beams, and that the bi-directional fluxes indicate regions of locally closed magnetic field. These results either mean the solar wind interaction is predominantly via global magnetic reconnection but is more complex than initially proposed, or that the interaction is instead predominantly “viscous-like” at Saturn.
  • Journal article
    Beth A, Gunell H, Simon Wedlund C, Goetz C, Nilsson H, Hamrin Met al., 2022,

    First investigation of the diamagnetic cavity boundary layer with a 1D3V PIC simulation

    , Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal, Vol: 667, Pages: 1-16, ISSN: 0004-6361

    Context. Amongst the different features and boundaries encountered around comets, one remains of particular interest to the plasma community: the diamagnetic cavity. Crossed for the first time at 1P/Halley during the Giotto flyby in 1986 and later met more than 700 times by the ESA Rosetta spacecraft around Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, this region, almost free of any magnetic field, surrounds nuclei of active comets. However, previous observations and modelling of this part of the coma have not yet provided a definitive answer as to the origin of such a cavity and on its border, the diamagnetic cavity boundary layer.Aims. We investigate which forces and equilibrium might be at play and balance the magnetic pressure at this boundary down to the spatial and temporal scales of the electrons in the 1D collisionless case. In addition, we scrutinise assumptions made in magneto-hydrodynamic and hybrid simulations of this environment and check for their validity.Methods. We simulated this region at the electron scale by means of 1D3V particle-in-cell simulations and SMILEI code.Results. Across this layer, depending on the magnetic field strength, the electric field is governed by different equilibria, with a thin double-layer forming ahead. In addition, we show that the electron distribution function departs from Maxwellian and/or gyrotropic distributions and that electrons do not behave adiabatically. We demonstrate the need to investigate this region at the electron scale in depth with fully kinetic simulations.
  • Journal article
    Pollock CJ, Chen L-J, Schwartz SJ, Wang S, Avanov L, Burch JL, Gershman DJ, Giles BL, Raptis S, Russell CTet al., 2022,

    Dynamics of Earth's bow shock under near-radial interplanetary magnetic field conditions

    , PHYSICS OF PLASMAS, Vol: 29, ISSN: 1070-664X
  • Journal article
    Goren T, Feingold G, Gryspeerdt E, Kazil J, Kretzschmar J, Jia H, Quaas Jet al., 2022,

    Projecting stratocumulus transitions on the albedo-cloud fraction relationship reveals linearity of albedo to droplet concentrations

    , Geophysical Research Letters, Vol: 49, ISSN: 0094-8276

    Satellite images show solid marine stratocumulus cloud decks (Sc) that break up over the remote oceans. The Sc breakup is initiated by precipitation and is accompanied by a strong reduction in the cloud radiative effect. Aerosol has been shown to delay the Sc breakup by postponing the onset of precipitation, however its climatic effect is uncertain. Here we introduce a new approach that allows us to re-cast currently observed cloud cover and albedo to their counterfactual cleaner world, enabling the first estimate of the radiative effect due to delayed cloud breakup. Using simple radiative approximation, the radiative forcing with respect to pre-industrial times due to delayed Sc breakup is −0.39 W m−2. The radiative effect changes nearly linearly with aerosol due to the droplet concentration control on the cloud cover, suggesting a potentially accelerated warming if the current trend of reduction in aerosol emissions continues.
  • Journal article
    Li Y, Tang Y, Toumi R, Wang Set al., 2022,

    Revisiting the Definition of Rapid Intensification of Tropical Cyclones by Clustering the Initial Intensity and Inner-Core Size

    , JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES, Vol: 127, ISSN: 2169-897X
  • Journal article
    Archer MO, Hartinger MD, Rastatter L, Southwood DJ, Heyns M, Eggington JWB, Wright AN, Plaschke F, Shi Xet al., 2022,

    Auroral, Ionospheric and Ground Magnetic Signatures of Magnetopause Surface Modes

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