Voices from the lab

Four women in Natural Sciences reflect on their journeys

Four scientists (from left to right): Anthea Monod, sitting against a backdrop of green foliage; Doryen Bubeck, against a white background; Anezka Klustova, sitting in her office in front of her computer and equations on a whiteboard; Mimi Hii, standing in the hallway of her lab.

We interviewed four women in science at different stages of their research careers, in four drastically different fields.

Asking them to reflect on their journeys so far and what advancements they're most excited for, their answers reflect how there is no singular path in science, and no correct way to be a scientist.

Professor Mimi Hii (Department of Chemistry) is the Director of the Centre for Rapid Online Analysis of Reactions (ROAR) and the Director of EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Next Generation Synthesis & Reaction Technology (rEaCt). She researches innovative methods of manufacturing industrial chemicals and is passionate about the digitisation of Chemistry.

Professor Doryen Bubeck (Department of Life Sciences) is the Director of the Centre for Structural Biology. She is a structural biologist who researches host-pathogen interactions using model membrane systems.

Dr Anthea Monod (Department of Mathematics) is a mathematician and Imperial's node lead in the newly formed AI Hub. The AI Hub is a consortium of six universities and 13 industrial and public partners that is developing frameworks for understanding machine learning models.

Anežka Klustova (Department of Physics) is a PhD student in the High Energy Physics Group at Imperial. She studies neutrino-nucleus interactions and neutrino oscillation. She is a member of two major neutrino experiments: MINERvA and DUNE, both at Fermilab in the US.

What got you into your field of research?

Mimi Hii, operating an automated suite of laboratory experiments using a computer. We can see complicated analysis equipment around her.
Mimi Hii, dressed in protective googles, gloves and lab coat. She's standing in the hallway of her lab at White City.
A portrait of Doryen Bubeck, smiling and looking into the camera against a white backdrop.

Mimi Hii

I was born into a family of expats. My grandparents fled from the civil war in China to Southeast Asia in the 1930's, where my parents were born. My parents moved us from Malaysia to Singapore, and my siblings and I were the first generation that had the opportunity to go to university. 

In terms of how I ended up as a chemistry professor, I have a rather humble origin story. I failed my first chemistry test at school. It was about memorising elements of the periodic table and I had never been great at learning by heart.

Back then in Singapore, the teachers used to announce everyone's result in class, starting with those who did worst: me. I remember the 'walk of shame' to collect my test paper. The experience was so humiliating, and I swore that I would not let it happen again. Having put my mind to it, I started to realise: ‘Hey, this isn't so bad,' and started to ace all the tests since.

So I guess you can say my interest in Chemistry started with a teenager's vendetta!
Professor Mimi Hii, Department of Chemistry

My passion for chemistry really only took hold when I moved to the UK to study at the University of Leeds, when I encountered a very different learning experience. Back in the old days, education in Singapore used to be quite prescriptive.

Very quickly, I found that although my fellow classmates at Leeds may not know as much material, they were able to make connections across many different topics, and were much better at problem-solving than I was. I was intrigued and it opened my eyes to a complete new way of learning which I find much more rewarding and motivating.

Doryen Bubeck

I think the lightbulb moment where I realised this was what I wanted to do was during an undergraduate research project in a lab near where I grew up.

The lab was just beginning to develop computer programs for analysing protein images collected on an electron microscope, a method my supervisor was later awarded the Nobel Prize for. I still remember how amazing it was to actually see these proteins in 3D on the computer for the first time.

It brought to life cartoon diagrams from my undergraduate biology textbook. Being able to see these molecules in 3D and see how they work was inspirational. I wanted to apply that to immunological problems.

I'm still mindful of that memory when I teach my own students and design my lectures to make the material come alive for them. I use computer animations based on structural biology to show these moving nano-machines in cells, rather than relying on static cartoon diagrams in a textbook.

What has been your academic or research journey so far?

An abstract background – dots on a screen, reminiscent of a computer network.

Anthea Monod

I did my undergraduate in pure mathematics, actually. I knew I wanted to do a PhD but at the time, at least at the time in the US, PhD stipends were very, very low. So, after I finished my undergraduate, I took one year off to work as a trader.

I ended up working at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the Chicago Board of Trade. I was trading derivatives, which was quite an interesting experience and I did really like the statistics behind it.

I ended up working at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the Chicago Board of Trade.
Dr Anthea Monod, Department of Mathematics

I started a first Master’s in finance and I ended up doing my PhD in spatial statistics. Robert Adler, who was the expert in Gaussian random fields told me he’d take me on after that for a postdoc but that that I’d be using pure maths to do computation and data analysis, which was his current focus. That was my initiation into topological data analysis.

After my PhD, I was very lucky to work at some of the best statistics departments in the world, like Duke University. Along the way, I got experience with biology and got to see how real biological data works.

I got to work with biologists and clinicians, and it was a really important experience to learn about how they generate their data, what kind of data that they get, what kind of questions are interested in? I got to formulate my own interpretations of their problems.

And I got hired at Imperial after I had my baby, and during COVID when everything was remote. I feel very fortunate to have had quite a successful start, even though I was working remotely. I was able to recruit five PhD students in my first year and sort of build my group that way.

Mimi Hii

Having graduated from Leeds with a PhD, I went to Oxford as a postdoctoral researcher and a junior research fellow at Wadham College. After brief spell back at Leeds, I started my independent academic career at King's College London in 1998, before moving to Imperial in 2003.

I cannot believe I'm near the start of my third decade as at Imperial!

You hear a lot of people say that Imperial is a highly interdisciplinary place, and I will definitely agree with that. Here, I began collaborating with colleagues in Chemical Engineering, which extended my personal interest from fundamental studies into applied industrial chemistry, where we have to scale up reactions from a tiny test tube to a multi-kilogram scale. 

Recently, we were successful in a bid for a EPSRC Prosperity Partnership grant: Innovative Continuous Manufacturing of Industrial Chemicals (IConIC), involving an industrial consortium co-led by BASF.

We're combining chemistry, engineering, and advanced data science to deliver sustainable solutions to the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and speciality chemicals.

One of the big turning points of my career came with the historical move of the Department of Chemistry from South Kensington to White City.

I took the opportunity to bid for strategic equipment grant from the EPSRC and establish the Centre for Rapid Analysis of Reaction (ROAR): a suite of automated and high through-put equipment dedicated to acquiring a large quantity of data.

While similar facilities may exist in very well-endowed industrial R&D labs, ROAR is different because we are the only facility that are openly accessible to researchers anywhere in the UK.

This was followed by a successful bid for a CDT programme in Next Generation Synthesis & Reaction Technology, to train students in digital skills. I am proud to see that despite COVID disruptions, our first cohort of students are starting to graduate and moving on to exciting careers. 

Anthea Monod, sitting on the stair railing outside of the Royal Albert Hall. We can see green foliage behind her.
Mimi Hii, doing experiments under a fume cupboard. She's holding a pipette in one hand.

What challenges do you think you’ve faced as a researcher?

A neutrino detector tank filled with water. It is the Super-Kamiokande detector in Japan. We can see two scientists in a small rowboat, rowing around the tank.
Anezka Klustova, sitting in her office at the High Energy Physics Group in the Blackett Laboratory. We can see her computer, running some code, an open notebook, and a whiteboard with equations.
Anthea Monod, sitting on the stair railing outside of the Royal Albert Hall. We can see green foliage behind her.

Anežka Klustova

I come from a very small town in the Czech Republic. I always wanted to be a scientist, but there was always a worry about the feasibility of it all in the back in my mind. I probably didn’t even understand at first what becoming a scientist entails and yet!  

I come from a very small town in the Czech Republic. I always wanted to be a scientist, but there was always a worry about the feasibility of it all in the back in my mind.
Anežka Klustova, Department of Physics

I go back to my town and to my primary school to do outreach programmes now. It’s nice to show them that you can actually do science when you come from my town.

Moving to London was also massive for me. I’d only ever spoken English in my English lessons, so I hadn’t studied maths or physics or chemistry in English.

I went to my first maths lecture, I followed everything that was written on the board, but they were obviously explaining it in English and I didn’t understand a single thing. I had to go back home and just translate it word-by-word because I didn’t have the vocabulary.

Now, it’s the opposite. Because I’ve done my physics research in English, it would take a minute to be able to talk about it in Czech!

Anthea Monod

I recently came back to work from maternity leave, which is not only just about the challenges of being a woman, but also the challenges of carrying responsibilities.

There are other researchers who have to take care of elderly parents, for example. It’s something you have to roll with all the time. Just last week, both of my kids were home from nursery and I had to cancel things and move things around.

I think Imperial has supportive mechanisms in place. For example, right now I’m on an Elsie Widdowson Fellowship, which means that after I return from work from maternity leave, I don’t have any teaching or admin duties for one year after coming back from maternity leave so that I can get back into my research.

It’s unheard of in many other universities, but it still leads to contradictions, because not teaching and not doing any admin still does affect your overall profile as a university academic. 

I think that there's still a lot of room for improvement in terms of mentality, standards, and money invested into initiatives to help researchers with caring responsibilities.

How do you cope with those days that shake your confidence and fill you with doubt?

A hand holding small microtubes of coloured liquid. The hand is wearing a blue latex glove.

Doryen Bubeck

I have a very different perspective now on life and on science. I've just come back to work after nine months battling breast cancer and breast cancer treatments. I had a lot of days like that, days that shook me. What kept me motivated is community, it's engagement.

I had a lot of days like that, days that shook me. What kept me motivated is community, it's engagement.
Professor Doryen Bubeck, Department of Life Sciences

It's feeling connected to your peers, the staff that are working for you, the researchers and PhD students that are working with you. It helps keep you focused on the real end goal about what's really important.

It's not chasing the paper, the grant, the promotion or the achievement. It's about creating a community that supports each other, where you can spark each other’s new ideas.

It also made me realise how important the basic science research we are doing in the lab is and how it will inform the next generation of cancer treatments.

I came from a supportive scientific environment. I had a great PhD supervisor. One thing that he did was that he recognised what motivated individuals, rather than project his own idea of success on them.

I try to do the same thing where I take the time to listen and figure out what my students or postdocs are trying get out of science. How can I help them achieve what they are looking for?

Anežka Klustova

I’m very goal oriented, so even when I had a bad five days, I didn’t think, ‘I’m not going to make it.’ I knew I would eventually.

I will say that academia is a very specific environment. My parents didn’t go to university so I didn’t even know how the university process worked. I didn’t know about PhDs or postdocs or fellowships, or how you become a lecturer. I’m kind of finding out about all these things as I go.

What helped me navigate these things was just talking to people. At first, I was scared to ask questions about it. Like, what if I annoy them? What if it’s not my place to ask about these things?

But you just have to overcome the fear of rejection, and it becomes so much easier. I was really scared or anxious to ask for help at first because I felt I needed to prove that I deserved to be here.

But I just grew more comfortable over time, and understood that asking questions is not a bad thing.

Doryen Bubeck, sitting in her lab, pipetting solutions into microtubes. She is dressed in a lab coat with blue latex gloves.
Anezka Klustova, working at her monitor which is running code.

What excites you about the next 10 years of science?

A landscape photo of Queen's Tower at Imperial College London, South Kensington.

Anthea Monod: When I first started out, there was a strong cluster of very smart people working in theory that were coming in to build the foundations of my field. But I know I think we’ve moved away from that. There’s a mutual respect for what everybody does whether it’s computation or data analysis or theory, I feel like we’re all becoming very collaborative and there are new opportunities to work with everyone.

Doryen Bubeck: We are approaching a perfect storm where advances in machine learning are intersecting with new technologies in imaging cellular systems. One thing I’m really excited for is how these two things can be used to develop a complex picture of what’s happening inside cells. We can already start to see networks of interactions of protein complexes as well as dynamic processes they’re in. It’s going to open up the next big advances in my field.

Anezka Klustova: I think it’s a really exciting time to do neutrino physics. For the past 10-15 years, we’ve been designing and working towards experiments that are coming online soon – one is being built in the US and another massive one is being built in Japan. We’ve designed them with specifications so that they should be able to help us answer fundamental questions about neutrinos. We might even get more questions from what we see.

Mimi Hii: I think the digitisation of research is going to be huge. It’s something that we got more aware of during the pandemic, but creating ‘the lab of the future’ is going to mean that research becomes a lot more productive with the help of AI and automation. It also helps democratise science because it means that people can participate in research from all around the world, as long as they have access to a laptop and internet.