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Walton RT, Mudway IS, Dundas I, et al., 2016, Air pollution, ethnicity and telomere length in east London schoolchildren: An observational study, Environ Int, Vol: 96, Pages: 41-47, ISSN: 1873-6750
BACKGROUND: Short telomeres are associated with chronic disease and early mortality. Recent studies in adults suggest an association between telomere length and exposure to particulate matter, and that ethnicity may modify the relationship. However associations in children are unknown. OBJECTIVES: We examined associations between air pollution and telomere length in an ethnically diverse group of children exposed to high levels of traffic derived pollutants, particularly diesel exhaust, and to environmental tobacco smoke. METHODS: Oral DNA from 333 children (8-9years) participating in a study on air quality and respiratory health in 23 inner city London schools was analysed for relative telomere length using monochrome multiplex qPCR. Annual, weekly and daily exposures to nitrogen oxides and particulate matter were obtained from urban dispersion models (2008-10) and tobacco smoke by urinary cotinine. Ethnicity was assessed by self-report and continental ancestry by analysis of 28 random genomic markers. We used linear mixed effects models to examine associations with telomere length. RESULTS: Telomere length increased with increasing annual exposure to NOx (model coefficient 0.003, [0.001, 0.005], p<0.001), NO2 (0.009 [0.004, 0.015], p<0.001), PM2.5 (0.041, [0.020, 0.063], p<0.001) and PM10 (0.096, [0.044, 0.149], p<0.001). There was no association with environmental tobacco smoke. Telomere length was increased in children reporting black ethnicity (22% [95% CI 10%, 36%], p<0.001) CONCLUSIONS: Pollution exposure is associated with longer telomeres in children and genetic ancestry is an important determinant of telomere length. Further studies should investigate both short and long-term associations between pollutant exposure and telomeres in childhood and assess underlying mechanisms.
Kelly FJ, Fussell JC, 2016, Health effects of airborne particles in relation to composition, size and source, Airborne Particulate Matter: Sources, Atmospheric Processes and Health, Editors: Harrison, Hester, Querol, Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry, Pages: 344-382, ISBN: 9781782624912
Uncertainty regarding the sources and chemical/physical properties of particular matter (PM) responsible for adverse health effects remains, despite momentous research efforts. The ambitious 10 year US NPACT initiative is deemed to have made a valuable contribution to the policy arena by demonstrating that no particle components can as yet be conclusively ruled out as not having an effect on public health. Upon focusing on studies conducted in different regions of world, within air sheds that vary with respect to a PM composition, size and source the very complex issue of differential toxicity is reaffirmed. Not only are individual PM characteristics and sources associated with certain effects in some locations and not in others but also, strengths of associations between effects and individual chemical components of the ambient mix vary from one effect to another. To further our understanding so that we can definitively conclude, or otherwise, that additional indicators have a role in protecting public health more effectively than the targeting total PM mass, comparison and synthesis of existing data through systematic reviews and quantitative meta-analysis must continue. Future studies should embrace refined modeling techniques and PM speciation data, enhance individual and population indoor/outdoor exposure, incorporate specific disease categories and better define susceptible individuals. Regionally specific studies are also needed to predict the impact of effective and sustainable control strategies. Owing to future population growth and increased ambient PM2.5 concentrations, mortality from air pollution has been estimated to double by 2050—a statistic that calls for global air quality control measures, informed by sophisticated developments in research, and interpretation of the latter into region-specific clean air policies.
Vineis P, Chadeau-Hyam M, Gmuender H, et al., 2016, The exposome in practice: Design of the EXPOsOMICS project, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, Vol: 220, Pages: 142-151, ISSN: 1618-131X
EXPOsOMICS is a European Union funded project that aims to develop a novel approach to the assessment of exposure to high priority environmental pollutants, by characterizing the external and the internal components of the exposome. It focuses on air and water contaminants during critical periods of life. To this end, the project centres on 1) exposure assessment at the personal and population levels within existing European short and long-term population studies, exploiting available tools and methods which have been developed for personal exposure monitoring (PEM); and 2) multiple "omic" technologies for the analysis of biological samples (internal markers of external exposures). The search for the relationships between external exposures and global profiles of molecular features in the same individuals constitutes a novel advancement towards the development of "next generation exposure assessment" for environmental chemicals and their mixtures. The linkage with disease risks opens the way to what are defined here as 'exposome-wide association studies' (EWAS).
Atkinson RW, Samoli E, Analitis A, et al., 2016, Short-term associations between particle oxidative potential and daily mortality and hospital admissions in London, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, Vol: 219, Pages: 566-572, ISSN: 1438-4639
Szigeti T, Dunster C, Cattaneo A, et al., 2016, Oxidative potential and chemical composition of PM2.5 in office buildings across Europe – The OFFICAIR study, Environment International, Vol: 92-93, Pages: 324-333, ISSN: 0160-4120
Carley IM, Anderson HR, Atkinson RW, et al., 2016, Traffic pollution and the incidence of cardiorespiratory outcomes in an adult cohort in London, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Vol: 73, Pages: 849-856, ISSN: 1351-0711
Kelly F, Gibney ER, Boilson A, et al., 2016, Folic acid levels in some food staples in Ireland are on the decline: implications for passive folic acid intakes?, JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Vol: 38, Pages: 265-269, ISSN: 1741-3842
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- Citations: 10
Nolan C, Kumar R, Kelly F, et al., 2016, Smelling a Rat: A Rare Case of Acute Kidney Failure, Publisher: SPRINGER LONDON LTD, Pages: S237-S237, ISSN: 0021-1265
Kelly FJ, Zhu T, 2016, Transport solutions for cleaner air, Science, Vol: 352, Pages: 934-936, ISSN: 0036-8075
<jats:p>In cities across the globe, road transport remains an important source of air pollutants that are linked with acute and chronic health effects. Decreasing vehicle emissions—while maintaining or increasing commuter journeys—remains a major challenge for city administrators. In London, congestion-charging and a citywide low-emission zone failed to bring nitrogen dioxide concentrations under control. In Beijing, controls on the purchase and use of cars have not decreased transport emissions to a sufficient extent. As cities continue to grow, not even zero-emission vehicles are the solution. Moving increasingly large numbers of people efficiently around a city can only be achieved by expanding mass transit systems.</jats:p>
Thomas G, Kelly F, Cook T, 2016, Introduction of videolaryngoscopy has not reduced rates of fibreoptic intubation, BRITISH JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA, Vol: 116, Pages: 717-717, ISSN: 0007-0912
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- Citations: 2
Fecht D, Hansell A, Morley D, et al., 2016, Spatial and temporal associations of road traffic noise and air pollution in London: Implications for epidemiological studies, Environment International, Vol: 88, Pages: 235-242, ISSN: 0160-4120
Road traffic gives rise to noise and air pollution exposures, both of which are associated with adverse health effects especially for cardiovascular disease, but mechanisms may differ. Understanding the variability in correlations between these pollutants is essential to understand better their separate and joint effects on human health.We explored associations between modelled noise and air pollutants using different spatial units and area characteristics in London in 2003–2010.We modelled annual average exposures to road traffic noise (LAeq,24 h, Lden, LAeq,16 h, Lnight) for ~ 190,000 postcode centroids in London using the UK Calculation of Road Traffic Noise (CRTN) method. We used a dispersion model (KCLurban) to model nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide, ozone, total and the traffic-only component of particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm and ≤ 10 μm. We analysed noise and air pollution correlations at the postcode level (~ 50 people), postcodes stratified by London Boroughs (~ 240,000 people), neighbourhoods (Lower layer Super Output Areas) (~ 1600 people), 1 km grid squares, air pollution tertiles, 50 m, 100 m and 200 m in distance from major roads and by deprivation tertiles.Across all London postcodes, we observed overall moderate correlations between modelled noise and air pollution that were stable over time (Spearman's rho range: | 0.34–0.55 |). Correlations, however, varied considerably depending on the spatial unit: largest ranges were seen in neighbourhoods and 1 km grid squares (both Spearman's rho range: | 0.01–0.87 |) and was less for Boroughs (Spearman's rho range: | 0.21–0.78 |). There was little difference in correlations between exposure tertiles, distance from road or deprivation tertiles.Associations between noise and air pollution at the relevant geographical unit of analysis need to be carefully considered in any epidemiological analysis, in particular in complex urban areas. Low correlations near roads, however, sugges
Halonen JI, Blangiardo M, Toledano MB, et al., 2016, Is long-term exposure to traffic pollution associated with mortality? A small-area study in London, Environmental Pollution, Vol: 208, Pages: 25-32, ISSN: 0269-7491
Halonen JI, Blangiardo M, Toledano MB, et al., 2016, Long-term exposure to traffic pollution and hospital admissions in London, Environmental pollution, Vol: 208, Pages: 48-57, ISSN: 1873-6424
Tonne C, Halonen JI, Beevers S, et al., 2016, Long-term traffic air and noise pollution in relation to mortality and hospital readmission among myocardial infarction survivors, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, Vol: 219, Pages: 72-78, ISSN: 1092-5732
Samoli E, Atkinson RW, Analitis A, et al., 2016, Associations of short-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution with cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions in London, UK, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, ISSN: 1351-0711
Objectives There is evidence of adverse associations between short-term exposure to traffic-related pollution and health, but little is known about the relative contribution of the various sources and particulate constituents.Methods For each day for 2011–2012 in London, UK over 100 air pollutant metrics were assembled using monitors, modelling and chemical analyses. We selected a priori metrics indicative of traffic sources: general traffic, petrol exhaust, diesel exhaust and non-exhaust (mineral dust, brake and tyre wear). Using Poisson regression models, controlling for time-varying confounders, we derived effect estimates for cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions at prespecified lags and evaluated the sensitivity of estimates to multipollutant modelling and effect modification by season.Results For single day exposure, we found consistent associations between adult (15–64 years) cardiovascular and paediatric (0–14 years) respiratory admissions with elemental and black carbon (EC/BC), ranging from 0.56% to 1.65% increase per IQR change, and to a lesser degree with carbon monoxide (CO) and aluminium (Al). The average of past 7 days EC/BC exposure was associated with elderly (65+ years) cardiovascular admissions. Indicated associations were higher during the warm period of the year. Although effect estimates were sensitive to the adjustment for other pollutants they remained consistent in direction, indicating independence of associations from different sources, especially between diesel and petrol engines, as well as mineral dust.Conclusions Our results suggest that exhaust related pollutants are associated with increased numbers of adult cardiovascular and paediatric respiratory hospitalisations. More extensive monitoring in urban centres is required to further elucidate the associations.
Samoli E, Atkinson RW, Analitis A, et al., 2016, Differential health effects of short-term exposure to source-specific particles in London, U.K, Environment International, Vol: 97, Pages: 246-253, ISSN: 0160-4120
BackgroundThere is ample evidence of adverse associations between short-term exposure to ambient particle mass concentrations and health but little is known about the relative contribution from various sources.MethodsWe used air particle composition and number networks in London between 2011 and 2012 to derive six source-related factors for PM10 and four factors for size distributions of ultrafine particles (NSD). We assessed the associations of these factors, at pre-specified lags, with daily total, cardiovascular (CVD) and respiratory mortality and hospitalizations using Poisson regression. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were expressed as percentage change per interquartile range increment in source-factor mass or number concentration. We evaluated the sensitivity of associations to adjustment for multiple other factors and by season.ResultsWe found no evidence of associations between PM10 or NSD source-related factors and daily mortality, as the direction of the estimates were variable with 95% CI spanning 0%. Traffic-related PM10 and NSD displayed consistent associations with CVD admissions aged 15–64 years (1.01% (95%CI: 0.03%, 2.00%) and 1.04% (95%CI: − 0.62%, 2.72%) respectively) as did particles from background urban sources (0.36% for PM10 and 0.81% for NSD). Most sources were positively associated with pediatric (0–14 years) respiratory hospitalizations, with stronger evidence for fuel oil PM10 (3.43%, 95%CI: 1.26%, 5.65%). Our results did not suggest associations with cardiovascular admissions in 65 + or respiratory admissions in 15 + age groups. Effect estimates were generally robust to adjustment for other factors and by season.ConclusionsOur findings are broadly consistent with the growing evidence of the toxicity of traffic and combustion particles, particularly in relation to respiratory morbidity in children and cardiovascular morbidity in younger adults.
Matthews NC, Pfeffer PE, Mann EH, et al., 2016, Urban Particulate Matter-Activated Human Dendritic Cells Induce the Expansion of Potent Inflammatory Th1, Th2, and Th17 Effector Cells, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, Vol: 54, Pages: 250-262, ISSN: 1535-4989
Exposure to urban particulate matter (UPM) exacerbates asthmatic lung inflammation. Lung dendritic cells (DCs) are critical for stimulating T cell immunity and in maintaining airway tolerance, but they also react to airway UPM. The adjuvant role of UPM in enhancing primary immune responses by naive cells to allergen has been reported, but the direct effects of UPM-activated DCs on the functionality of human memory CD4 T cells (Tms), which constitute the majority of T cells in the lung, has not been investigated. Blood CD1c(+) DCs were purified and activated with UPM in the presence or absence of house dust mite or tetanus toxoid control antigen. 5-(and -6)-Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester-labeled blood Tms were cocultured with autologous DCs, T cell proliferation and effector function were assessed using flow cytometry, and secreted cytokines were measured by combined bead array. UPM-DCs elicited IFN-gamma and IL-13 secretion and induced proliferation in Tms isolated from both allergic patients with asthma and healthy control subjects, whereas only IL-13 was produced by Tms from patients with atopic asthma stimulated by house dust mite-loaded DCs. UPM-DCs drove the expansion and differentiation of a mixed population of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell effectors through a mechanism that was dependent on major histocompatibility class II but not on cytokine-driven expansion. The data suggest that UPM not only has adjuvant properties but is also a source of antigen that stimulates the generation of Th2, Th1, and Th17 effector phenotypes, which have been implicated in both exacerbations of asthma and chronic inflammatory diseases.
Moore E, Chatzidiakou L, Jones RL, et al., 2016, Linking e-health records, patient-reported symptoms and environmental exposure data to characterise and model COPD exacerbations: protocol for the COPE study, BMJ Open, Vol: 6, ISSN: 2044-6055
INTRODUCTION: Relationships between exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and environmental factors such as temperature, humidity and air pollution are not well characterised, due in part to oversimplification in the assignment of exposure estimates to individuals and populations. New developments in miniature environmental sensors mean that patients can now carry a personal air quality monitor for long periods of time as they go about their daily lives. This creates the potential for capturing a direct link between individual activities, environmental exposures and the health of patients with COPD. Direct associations then have the potential to be scaled up to population levels and tested using advanced human exposure models linked to electronic health records. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study has 5 stages: (1) development and deployment of personal air monitors; (2) recruitment and monitoring of a cohort of 160 patients with COPD for up to 6 months with recruitment of participants through the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD); (3) statistical associations between personal exposure with COPD-related health outcomes; (4) validation of a time-activity exposure model and (5) development of a COPD prediction model for London. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The Research Ethics Committee for Camden and Islington has provided ethical approval for the conduct of the study. Approval has also been granted by National Health Service (NHS) Research and Development and the Independent Scientific Advisory Committee. The results of the study will be disseminated through appropriate conference presentations and peer-reviewed journals.
Moore E, Chatzidiakou L, Kuku MO, et al., 2016, Global Associations between Air Pollutants and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Hospitalizations. A Systematic Review, Ann Am Thorac Soc, Vol: 13, Pages: 1814-1827, ISSN: 2325-6621
RATIONALE: Exacerbations are key events in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), affecting lung function decline and quality of life. The effect of exposure to different air pollutants on COPD exacerbations is not clear. OBJECTIVES: To carry out a systematic review, examining associations between air pollutants and hospital admissions for COPD exacerbations. METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase, BIOSIS, Science Citation Index, and the Air Pollution Epidemiology Database were searched for publications published between 1980 and September 2015. Inclusion criteria were focused on studies presenting solely a COPD outcome defined by hospital admissions and a measure of gaseous air pollutants and particle fractions. The association between each pollutant and COPD admissions was investigated in metaanalyses using random effects models. Analyses were stratified by geographical clusters for investigation of the consistency of the evidence worldwide. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Forty-six studies were included, and results for all the pollutants under investigation showed marginal positive associations; however, the number of included studies was small, the studies had high heterogeneity, and there was evidence of small-study bias. Geographical clustering of the effects of pollution on COPD hospital admissions was evident and reduced heterogeneity significantly. CONCLUSIONS: The most consistent association was between a 1-mg/m(3) increase in carbon monoxide level and COPD-related admissions (odds ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.03). The heterogeneity was moderate, and there was a consistent positive association in both Europe and North America, although levels were clearly below World Health Organization guideline values. There is mixed evidence on the effects of environmental pollution on COPD exacerbations. Limitations of previous studies included the low spatiotemporal resolution of pollutants, inadequate control for confounding factors, and the use of aggregate
Crichton S, Barratt B, Spiridou A, et al., 2016, Associations between exhaust and non-exhaust particulate matter and stroke incidence by stroke subtype in South London, Sci Total Environ, Vol: 568, Pages: 278-284, ISSN: 1879-1026
BACKGROUND: Airborne particulate matter (PM) consists of particles from diverse sources, including vehicle exhausts. Associations between short-term PM changes and stroke incidence have been shown. Cumulative exposures over several months, or years, are less well studied; few studies examined ischaemic subtypes or PM source. AIMS: This study combines a high resolution urban air quality model with a population-based stroke register to explore associations between long-term exposure to PM and stroke incidence. METHOD: Data from the South London Stroke Register from 2005-2012 were included. Poisson regression explored association between stroke incidence and long-term (averaged across the study period) exposure to PM2.5(PM<2.5mum diameter) and PM10(PM<10mum), nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides and ozone, at the output area level (average population=309). Estimates were standardised for age and sex and adjusted for socio-economic deprivation. Models were stratified for ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes and further broken down by Oxford Community Stroke Project classification and Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification. RESULTS: 1800 strokes were recorded (incidence=42.6/100,000 person-years). No associations were observed between PM and overall ischaemic or haemorrhagic incidence. For an interquartile range increase in PM2.5, there was a 23% increase in incidence (Incidence rate ratio=1.23 (95%CI: 1.03-1.44)) of total anterior circulation infarcts (TACI) and 20% increase for PM2.5 from exhausts (1.20(1.01-1.41)). There were similar associations with PM10, overall (1.21(1.01-1.44)) and from exhausts (1.20(1.01-1.41)). TACI incidence was not associated with non-exhaust sources. There were no associations with other stroke subtypes or pollutants. CONCLUSION: Outdoor air pollution, particularly that arising from vehicle exhausts, may increase risk of TACI but not other stroke subtypes.
Gulliver J, Morley D, Vienneau D, et al., 2015, Development of an open-source road traffic noise model for exposure assessment, Environmental Modelling & Software, Vol: 74, Pages: 183-193, ISSN: 1364-8152
This paper describes the development of a model for assessing TRAffic Noise EXposure (TRANEX) in anopen-source geographic information system. Instead of using proprietary software we developed ourown model for two main reasons: 1) so that the treatment of source geometry, traffic information (flows/speeds/spatially varying diurnal traffic profiles) and receptors matched as closely as possible to that ofthe air pollution modelling being undertaken in the TRAFFIC project, and 2) to optimize model performancefor practical reasons of needing to implement a noise model with detailed source geometry, overa large geographical area, to produce noise estimates at up to several million address locations, withlimited computing resources. To evaluate TRANEX, noise estimates were compared with noise measurementsmade in the British cities of Leicester and Norwich. High correlation was seen betweenmodelled and measured LAeq,1hr (Norwich: r ¼ 0.85, p ¼ .000; Leicester: r ¼ 0.95, p ¼ .000) with averagemodel errors of 3.1 dB. TRANEX was used to estimate noise exposures (LAeq,1hr, LAeq,16hr, Lnight) for theresident population of London (2003e2010). Results suggest that 1.03 million (12%) people are exposedto daytime road traffic noise levels 65 dB(A) and 1.63 million (19%) people are exposed to night-timeroad traffic noise levels 55 dB(A). Differences in noise levels between 2010 and 2003 were on averagerelatively small: 0.25 dB (standard deviation: 0.89) and 0.26 dB (standard deviation: 0.87) for LAeq,16hrand Lnight.
Sigsgaard T, Forsberg B, Annesi-Maesano I, et al., 2015, Health impacts of anthropogenic biomass burning in the developed world, EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL, Vol: 46, Pages: 1577-1588, ISSN: 0903-1936
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- Citations: 141
Desikan A, Crichton S, Hoang U, et al., 2015, The effect of exhaust and non-exhaust related components of particulate matter on long-term survival after stroke in South London, Publisher: WILEY-BLACKWELL, Pages: 61-62, ISSN: 1747-4930
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- Citations: 2
Crichton S, Barratt B, Hoang U, et al., 2015, Associations between exhaust and non-exhaust related components of particulate matter and stroke incidence by stroke subtype in South London, Publisher: WILEY-BLACKWELL, Pages: 31-31, ISSN: 1747-4930
Muala A, Rankin G, Sehlstedt M, et al., 2015, Acute exposure to wood smoke from incomplete combustion - indications of cytotoxicity, Particle and Fibre Toxicology, Vol: 12
Barone-Adesi F, Dent JE, Dajnak D, et al., 2015, Long-Term Exposure to Primary Traffic Pollutants and Lung Function in Children: Cross-Sectional Study and Meta-Analysis, PLOS ONE, Vol: 10, Pages: e0142565-e0142565
Billet S, Al Zallouha M, Landkocz Y, et al., 2015, Urban air pollution fine particulate matter exposure: Biomarkers of carcinogenesis modulated by people ageing, 51st Congress of the European-Societies-of-Toxicology (EUROTOX), Publisher: ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Pages: S63-S63, ISSN: 0378-4274
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- Citations: 1
Halonen JI, Hansell AL, Gulliver J, et al., 2015, Road traffic noise is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and all-cause mortality in London, European Heart Journal, Vol: 36, Pages: 2653-2661, ISSN: 0195-668X
AimsRoad traffic noise has been associated with hypertension but evidence for the long-term effects on hospital admissions and mortality is limited. We examined the effects of long-term exposure to road traffic noise on hospital admissions and mortality in the general population.Methods and resultsThe study population consisted of 8.6 million inhabitants of London, one of Europe's largest cities. We assessed small-area-level associations of day- (7:00–22:59) and nighttime (23:00–06:59) road traffic noise with cardiovascular hospital admissions and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in all adults (≥25 years) and elderly (≥75 years) through Poisson regression models. We adjusted models for age, sex, area-level socioeconomic deprivation, ethnicity, smoking, air pollution, and neighbourhood spatial structure. Median daytime exposure to road traffic noise was 55.6 dB. Daytime road traffic noise increased the risk of hospital admission for stroke with relative risk (RR) 1.05 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02–1.09] in adults, and 1.09 (95% CI: 1.04–1.14) in the elderly in areas >60 vs. <55 dB. Nighttime noise was associated with stroke admissions only among the elderly. Daytime noise was significantly associated with all-cause mortality in adults [RR 1.04 (95% CI: 1.00–1.07) in areas >60 vs. <55 dB]. Positive but non-significant associations were seen with mortality for cardiovascular and ischaemic heart disease, and stroke. Results were similar for the elderly.ConclusionsLong-term exposure to road traffic noise was associated with small increased risks of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the general population, particularly for stroke in the elderly.
Lewis AC, Carslaw DC, Kelly FJ, 2015, Diesel pollution long under-reported, Nature, Vol: 526, Pages: 195-195, ISSN: 0028-0836
Wood HE, Marlin N, Mudway IS, et al., 2015, Effects of Air Pollution and the Introduction of the London Low Emission Zone on the Prevalence of Respiratory and Allergic Symptoms in Schoolchildren in East London: A Sequential Cross-Sectional Study, PLOS ONE, Vol: 10, Pages: e0109121-e0109121
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